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Art > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Catacombs

A

Before tolerated, Christians persecuted by Roman and found refuge in Catacombs
maze-like system of undergroun funerary sites- from granular tufa
galleries connected small rooms filled ith funerary niches
unsanitaty conditions

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2
Q

Christian catacombs

A

fresco decoration help identify
not level of Pompeii but first time see Chrsitian iconography
Christ depicted as Good Shepherd- surrounded by figure in orants (prayer poses)

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3
Q

Pergamon

A

hotbed of Hellensitic art and culture- Greek Settlement in Asia Minor
experienced belligergent incursions of Gauls

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4
Q

Different Minoan Periods

A

Early Minoan Period (3000-2100 BCE)
Middle Minoan period (2100-1600 BCE)
Late Minoan Period (1600-1100 BCE)

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5
Q

Doric

A

Most simple, massive, oldest, rustic
Mainland Greece
plain, cushion like capitals, triglyph and metope on alternative on the frieze
heavy
Shaft- vertical lines- flutes
no decoratice foot
Entasis- shaft swell a bit towards the center
masculine

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6
Q

Portrait and sculpture in Republican ROme

A

Veritas (truth) and severitas (severity)
show verism (unflattering truthfulness)- wrinkles, severe seriousness

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7
Q

Column of TRajan

A

Celebrate successful campaigns afainst the Dacians-
low relief carved out of marble forms continuous spiral band of 150 episodes of the war

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8
Q

Taj Mahal

A

In INdia
not another mosque but actually giant mausoleum
Shah Jahan, Muslim Mughal ruler, erected Tah Mahal to wife he lost
massive cubical structure surmounted by large balloon shaped dome, facade pierced by niches and decorated in tile
surrounded by 4 towers, felecting pools, and gardens
evoke description on Parade to their religion

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9
Q

Characterization of Late Archaic period

A

better understanding of anatomy and musculature- geometric simplification disappears and blends into CLassical Greek art cannon

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10
Q

Ara Pasic Augstae

A

celebrate pacification of Spain and Gaul and the Emprire
interior and exterior decorated with relief panels
procession panel- royal process led by Augustus
Tellus Relief panel- ancient Roman Earth mother
garlands, oxen heads, and Acanthus

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11
Q

Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland

A

complex buildings- abbey church in center, cloisters, chaspter houses, dormitories, dining halls, kitchens, storage room

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12
Q

Infkuence of Byzantine Architecture

A

Italy- especially Venice
St. Mark’s Cathedral- Greek Cross Plan- cluster of 4 domes on pendentives
interior- rich gold ground mostaics- key stoeis of old and new testmanet
jewel like gilded interior

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13
Q

Minoan Sculptures and Ceramics

A

Snake Goddess at Knossos
Octopus Har- Marine Style- valuable liquid

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14
Q

Optical corrections of the Parthenon

A

foundation is convex- curves slightly and columns tilt slightly inward to adjust for the bend of the land

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15
Q

invenction of money

A

first to mint and circulate coins for payment and financial transactions

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16
Q

Migration Period - Middle Ages

A

Fall of Western Half of Roman Empire was triggered by Goths, Vandals, HUns, and others- domino effect of displacement
Christian Church took over wordly power
drop in numbers meant civilization and infrastrcuture at low point
small portable objects
skills of metalcraft and cloisonne techniwue

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17
Q

Last years of Republican Rome

A

Civil wars- Caesar- future emporer Augustus- ended after defeating CLeopatra in 31 BCE

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18
Q

centauromachy

A

centaurs and Lapiths, gods, giants, Greeks,and amazons are engaged in battle

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19
Q

Earliest examples of Greek art

A

forms of idols
overall geometric simplification of human figures into different basic shapes

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20
Q

What did Alexander the Great conquer

A

most of NEar and Middle East
Sumer, Babylon, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, parts of INdia
City of Alexendria- named after him
influx and subsequent absorption of Eastern cultural and artistic influences

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21
Q

When was ROme at heigh of its power

A

Second century- emporers Trajan, Hadrian, Antonines
largest geographical expansion- rom Britain to Egypt and Mesopotamia

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22
Q

Canon for Classical Greek Sculpture

A

formulaic, idealized human proportion

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23
Q

Islamic Architecture

A

The Mosque

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24
Q

individuality in Greece

A

emphasis on indiviuality and accomplishment of the individual

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25
Q

Hellensitc Period

A

(323-30 BC)

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26
Q

Islamic Applied Arts

A

textiles (rugs)
ceramics (Vessels, tiles)
tooled metal working

type of prohibitions against any figurative depction

patterned designs and calligraphy are instead stressed

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27
Q

metropolitian Kouros

A

early archaic period
geometric space
stiff, lack spark of lige,
contrapposto pose

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28
Q

Archaic Period Characterization

A

stiff, unnatural human figure who musculature is interpreted in terms of geomtetric shapes in 3D.

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29
Q

Kroisos Kouros

A

Late archaic period
correct rendering of anatomy, musculature, movement of body in space- lifelike

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30
Q

What are the classical orders

A

Doric
Ionic
Corinthian

post and lintel- more sophisticated and decorative

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31
Q

Palatial Sites

A

ruins of castles
Phaistos, Knossos, Malia, Zakros
connected by expansive systems of roads- linear script A- writing

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32
Q

International trade

A

limited at point to Mediterranena basin
Italy, Asia minor, north Africa, egypt, etc.

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33
Q

Geometric Period

A

900-700 BCE
type of decoration found on pottery- meander, wedge-shaped and checkerboard patterns
mutliple bands of figure forming funerary procession

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34
Q

Frieze

A

top of entabulatore- has the decorative parts

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35
Q

What brought end to Athenian Dominance

A

Peloponnesian War 404 BCE

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36
Q

The Parthenon (Athens)

A

Oldest and largest of buildings on the Acropolis
epitome of Classical Ideals of architecture
dedicated to Athena Parthenos
symbol of birth of democracy (DC structures after it)
Doric (but also ionic elements)
treasury

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37
Q

Byzantine architecture

A

Latin Cross plan (one end of cross is longer than other three)
simple from outside but rich mosaic decoration inside

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38
Q

What are interchangeable terms due to time frame

A

Early Midieval, Late Roman, Late Classical

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39
Q

innovators of Gothic Style in Architecture

A

Bernard of Clairvauz and abbe Suger- French kings buried
Faith was mystical and intuitive, not rational
admit light in structure for divine illumincation

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40
Q

How know what MInboan life was like

A

from the visible art left behind- not translated script yet

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41
Q

Master yof ship building

A

faciliated commercian exchanges and geographical expansion of greek culture

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42
Q

Myceneaen

A

Culture on Greek Mainland
Warrior society- rise and fall before Ancient Greece (Classical Greece)
immortalized in stories (Homer)
sophisticated and wealthy

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43
Q

what is Medieval art rich in

A

religious symbolism

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44
Q

Phidias- clothes

A

drapery acts like water around the body

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45
Q

Constantine’s triumphal arch

A

see shift to medieval period and decline of classical ideals
medallions on arch date to Hadrian’s time but relief band is geniune product
flat and generic
possess rigid formatilty, repetetive, lack awareness for 3D
composition is static, little awareness of proportions

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46
Q

minoan ancestors

A

Anatolia 7000 BCE

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47
Q

Canon

A

idealized form that can be studied or regulated
rules that can be followed

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48
Q

Doric Temple Example

A

the Parthenon

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49
Q

Mosque of Cordoba

A

rededicated to Christian Church today
typical large prayer hall, mihrab with richly patterned mosaic
unique system of double tiered arches of polychrome sotne- one arch upon another arch
combination of local Spanish and Moorish influences

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50
Q

Medieval Mentality

A

saving one’s soul in afterlife by living a pious, modest, virtuous life
here and now unimportant, true reward after death if earned place in Heaven

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51
Q

Roman Periods

A

Etruscan Art (700-510 BCE)
Art and Architecture of Republican ROme (509-27 BCE- Augustus first emporer)
Art and Architecure of Imperial Rome (27 BCE- 337- year of Constantine the Great- first to tolerate Christianity)
Advent of Christianity, Fall of Western Roman Empire, Transition to Medieval Period (337-500)

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52
Q

triglyphs

A

3 marks- patterns

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53
Q

Anhropocentric

A

human centered world view

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54
Q

Propylaea

A

entry gate to the complex (Acropolis) reached after climbing steep winding slope
Path of Panathenaic Procession-
remains unfinisehd becasue of Peloponnesian War
buildings by it supposed to contain library and first picture gallery in history

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55
Q

Ealiest period of GReece Sculpture

A

Archaic Period
divided into early and late phase

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56
Q

Corinthian

A

Really complicated
leaf-like shape
has foot base
taller than doric- highly decorative

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57
Q

Christian Architecture

A

St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome- earliest example of permanent church structure
blueprint for Christian builders in centuries to come
based on many elements of traditional Roman basilica design
entrance through gateway, an atrium, entrance hall, nave, lower side aisles, apse, transept, and timber roof

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58
Q

why are minoans called that

A

after legendary King Minos

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59
Q

How were phases determined

A

Distinct pottery styles

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60
Q

Roman building technique

A

use of concrete as building materials
introduction of arches and vaults to construct buildings, bridges, and aqueducts

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61
Q

Greek and ROman Art overview

A

Geometry- somple designs in repeating pattern- then people and animals appear
archaic- more realistic (hair- Egyptain- leg- stability) black figure ware, red figure ware
Classical- Acropolis, Parthenon athens; more realistic and idealistic sculpture- contrapposto
Hellenistic- life-like sculpture with more emotion/action; nude female

Romans- love Greek culture- did more true likeness of subject, propogranda- glorify emporers
Augustus- strong, young, warrior; columns- victories
dome, arch, aqueduct, Pantheon Rome

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62
Q

Architectural features of Citadel

A

Very high up- see any enemies
large walls
direct route of Agean and Gulf- critical spot of trade
Series of Rooms to Megaron- audience hall
baiss of columns that support porch coverings
Grave Circle A- found gold with the elite- large stone blocks, flat, covered by other slabs

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63
Q

Kritios Boy

A

summary of correctly rendered human proportions and anatomy in the art of Early CLassical Period

Also suggests idealized canon of the human figure

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64
Q

Porta Nigra

A

the Black Gate
ROman city Gate and military architecture
defensive purposes and to impress visitors
rusticated massonry

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65
Q

what concludes the transition between Classical to Hellenistic period

A

rise of Alexander the Great

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66
Q

Porphyr

A

extremely hard stone- limits level of artistic sophistication
signal decline in artistic abilities

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67
Q

Etruscan Sculpture

A

fenerary sarcophagi
life-like appearance- social events- modeled from clay
bronze and terracotta

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68
Q

End of the Roman Empire

A

Edict of Milan- 313- religious tolerance to Christians
Captial of Rome to Constantinople
sense of measure and proportions disapper and emphasis on monumnetality appears

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69
Q

Imperial ROme Architecture example

A

The Colosseum

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70
Q

Byzantine culture

A

Greek language and traifiotns
mixed roman civilization with orientalizing influences of NEar East
iconoclactic controversy- wide destruction of visual art
Rise of Islam- political, military, and religious challenge to Byzantine who lose

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71
Q

Linear B script

A

Mycenean writing
glimpse of everyday life
inventory list for objects

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72
Q

Pre-Classical Greece cultures

A

Cycladic culture (Greek islands)
Helladic culture (Greek mainland)
Minoan Culture (island of Crete- 2800-1450 BC
Mycenaean culture- Greek mainloan associated with Mycenae- peninsula with Sparta 1550-1100 BC)

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73
Q

Hagia Sophia history

A

Christian Church first
converted to Mosque when Islamic conquest
Secular Mueseum from 1935-2020
now mosque again

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74
Q

first Gothic Structure

A

Abbey of St. Denis by Abbot Suger

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75
Q

Notre Dome Cathedral

A

heart of Paris- combine Romanesque and Gothic Features- outer appearance is Gothic

Structure features stained glass, large rose window, and flying buttresses.
Gargoyle statues on balconies- stereotype of medieval art
BUilt throughout the romanesque and gothic periods

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76
Q

Acropolis

A

Ensemble of structures built during Classical Period on plateau overlooking Athens

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77
Q

The Colosseum

A

Flagan Amphitheater; named colosseum because by the “colossel” stature of Nero in front
built in 10 years; 50,000-80,000 people; concrete
two semi-circular theaters enclosng oval arena with movable sun cover
public work monument, started by Vespasian and completed by TItus

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78
Q

Carolingian Period

A

9th century, Charlemagne unified kingdom covering Germany and France
800 Crowned Emporer of Rome- Holy ROman EMpire
Palatine Chapel and court in Aachen
Monasteries

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79
Q

Reason for Minoan Culture Declining

A

1400 BCE
volcanic eruption on Thera or incursions of Mycenaean people from mainland

80
Q

Naos of Parthenon

A

enclosed inner temple sanctuary
subdivided- one half contained Athena scultpire, other was the Delian League trasury

81
Q

Church of San Vitale

A

culmination of Byzantine splnor in Ravenna
Orientalizing motives mix with Naturalism
exterior is plain- central plan of concentric octagons, surrounding ambulatory and columned niches
men and women separate during service (like mosque)
intricsate medieval lace patterns on capitals
focus on apse mosaics- Christ seated on orb of world with 4 rivers of Paradise nect to him
golden wreath of victory to St. Vitalis
Emperor Justinian, Empress Theodora and attendants seen

82
Q

Gothic Architecture

A

ornately decorated facades and ineriors
Latin-cross floor plans
Emphasis on height and verticality of the nave
Large windows allowing for the introduction of stained glass windows
Use of groin vaults with pointed arches to allow for a skeletal construction in the choir

83
Q

Entruscan Tomb Architecture

A

Tumulus (Earth mount) tomb
interiors from tufa rock- soft stone- birghtly painted plaster reliefs representing weapons, tools, kitchen utensils

84
Q

Shaft

A

what we call columns
has flutes

85
Q

Ionic

A

after the Doric
imported from Asia Minor
sense of delicacy (more feminine)
taller and thinner
distinguising feature at top- the capital
volutes- slightly different fluting
has a foot base

86
Q

Ottoman Period art

A

still illuminated book manuscripts- often equipped with sumptuous bindings
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram

liturgical instruments
Otto Mathilden Crossq

87
Q

Minoan Architecture

A

founded first highly developed, ubran culture in Western Hemisphere

Most significant one is Palace of Knossos- 1600-1400 BCE

88
Q

Linear A

A

not know actual name for that
may be inspired or stolen it

pictograph before this alphabet
not transalted yet

89
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

6th century, unique for design and scale
central plan and basilica
dome- more than 180 ft high, on square barrel, two hald domes on either side of square
hide enormous stone piers
dome on pendentives
no pictures of figures

90
Q

Augustus Primopora

A

naturalistic
moving forward
recallv Golden Age of Greece- bringing Golden Age of Rome
link lineage to Aneage- descended from gods
idealizing him- more youthful and athletic contrast of Rome- new tradition
divinely orgained leader of Empire

91
Q

Diptych

A

term that describes an object consisting of two hinged panels

92
Q

What is perfect for Greeks

A

The HUman body
mathematic precision/propotion of every part of body was perfect in regard to others

93
Q

Tratury of Atrios

A

Tholos tomb
numerous gold objects found here
strong contacts with Egyptian culture

94
Q

one of defining characteristics of Middle Ages as whole

A

Monasticism
communities of monks or nuns living in seclusion- dedicated to spiritual lfie

95
Q

Relief carvings

A

technique of choice for semi circular lintel plaqcues aboce a door and the pillar in the center of cathedral entrances

figures flattened, fragmented, and stylizied instead of naturalistcally

themes- Last Judgement, Apocalypse, Rising of Dead

96
Q

Arch of Titus

A

triumphal arch- commemorate military victories with such structures- each arch associated with rule of specific emporer and conquests
ornamental version of city gates
Titus- Conquest of Jerusalem

97
Q

Peaceful colonization

A

mostly peaceful colonization of Mediterranena basin
especially Italy

98
Q

Ottonian Period

A

Charlemagn’es three grandsons split empire into western, central, and eastern area (France, Lorraine, and German)
only German part was stable and ruled by succession of Kings called Otto (I, II, III)

99
Q

Grave Circle A

A

many sites of burial of kings
shows rich and sophisticated
where lots of art found was
shows they are not isolated
anatolia, Canaan, Wgypt

100
Q

literature in Greece

A

Illiad and Odyseey- first works in canon of Western literature
birth of mythology
poetry

101
Q

Etruscans

A

pre-dates Ancient Rome (peak at 600-500 BCE)
absorbed Greek influences by Greek colonies in SOuthern Italy
shifted to urban civilization- eneemies of GReeks and Romans
Funerary rituals and terracotta and bronze sculptures

102
Q

Key qualities of Medieval Art (Ottoman period)

A

flatness of form, no spatial depth
emphasis on line rather than form
un-naturalistic figures; no life-like rendering

103
Q

Tholos Tomb

A

Largest tomb
expression of power (ruling elite)
passageway into hill to tombs
carvings, relief sculpture, decorative stone
dromos- pathway
ceremonial- lintel and corbelling- as up moving inward- relieving triangle
round chamber- largest space until Pantheon

104
Q

exception to migration period

A

Ireland
Monasticism
manuscript illuminiations of Christian text wither interlace patterns- handwritten

105
Q

CLassical Period Sculpture

A

ahcieve complete and correct understanding of human body
knowledge of principles governing weight shift- contrapposto

106
Q

Byzantine Architecture

A

large number of Cathedrals, churches, convents, and artworks
Hagia Sophia (emitomizes power and splendor)

107
Q

cloisonne technique

A

migration period of Middle Ages
small metal strips, usually gold, soldered on metal background and metal rimmed compartments attained are filled with precious stone or enamel paste- made of crushed glass that is melted into paste

108
Q

Otto Mathilden Cross

A

treasury of Essen Cathedral
Golden and Jewel-encrusted cross- brough out and carried in procession on certain feast days
materials, style, subject matter, and craft skills same as Codex Aureus binding

109
Q

Who were minoans influenced by

A

Greece, Egypt, Anatolia, Canaan

110
Q

Why are Myceneans called that

A

traces of them first discovered in Mycenae
similar artifacts later found in Thebes, Athens, Tiryins, Pylos, and more

111
Q

Primary time perdios

A

Pre-Classical Greece
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Period

112
Q

What qualities set Ancient Greece apart from Egypt and Mesopotamia

A

Literature
political organization
anthropocentric (Human-centered)
individuality
peaceful colonization
invention of money/currency
scientific discoveries
mastery of ship building
international trade

113
Q

example of Romaneseque architecture

A

St. Sernin in Toulouse, France
Germany Speyer Cathedral- first to have innovative architectural feature- large groin vault (octogonal crossing dome)- allowed light

114
Q

Mycenaean culture collapse

A

after 1200 BCE
invasion of Dorian people equipped with iron weaons stronger than bronze of mycanaeans

115
Q

CLassical Period of Greece

A

followed conclusion of Persian Wars- all Hellenes joined together to stop the Persian War
expansion of Olympic Games
Sculptures depicted idealized warriors and athletes
Athens had foremost power as ciy-state- leadership in war

116
Q

Roman sign of Greek copy

A

Struts and trunks meant to support and stabilize the base of sculpture

117
Q

Temple of Athena Nike

A

earliest building on Acropolis
Ionic order- influenced from Asia Minor

118
Q

example of Greek art after Doric invasion

A

pottery

119
Q

Artworks of choice in Middle Ages

A

small, hand held objects like ivory carvings
because of political turmoil, incursion, military instability

120
Q

Palace of Knossos importance

A

confirm old legends and myths of advanced civilization on island of crete

Confirmed labrynth of King Minos- minotaur
dominant over all others

121
Q

Parthenon History

A

Greek temple, then Christian Church, then Turkish Mosque.
Was amunition depot, hit by Venetian shell and exploded- ruin state of sculpture

Lord Elgin brought fragments to London- Greece trying to get it back

122
Q

Discobolos (Discuc Thrower)

A

highly dramatic scultpure of athelte right before releasing
muscalture most tense

123
Q

citadel of Tiryins

A

Massive Cyclopean walls
ceremonial path through porch and vestible to megaron (throne room)

124
Q

Entruscan

A

culture- influenced Rokmans
very wealthy- had city states
League of 12 Peoples- figure out problems concerning all the city states- religion, trade agreements
coordinated action exception not the rule
adaptable- learn from other civilizations

125
Q

Mycenaean culture

A

Greek mainlaind associated with Mycenae- peninsula with SParta- 1550-1100 BC

126
Q

Minoan Art

A

full of life and color
love of nature and sea
Bull Cult
pottery and frescoes

127
Q

What is a part of Classical Greece

A

Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
Classical Period (480-323 BC)

128
Q

Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram

A

binding made of precious stone and gold repousse plaques
Christ in Majesty, 4 Evangelist, scene from life of CHrist

Codex Aureus means GOlden Book, St. Emmeram was monastery where it was kept

Charles the Bald Enthroned- page from it, one of three grandsons involved in diving empire

129
Q

Pompeii

A

lot of knowledge about daily life in Republican Rome- preserved under ashes
preserved commercial (shops, offices, taverns) and residential sections (upscale private villas and more)
House of Vetii

130
Q

What does Red Figure Pottery bring

A

more naturalistic poses and accurate atonomy

131
Q

scienftiic discoveries in Freece

A

Mathematics and natural science on rise
Pythagoras

132
Q

Migration Period Art

A

Cloissone technique
interlaced decorative patterns

133
Q

krater

A

vessel used for mixing wine and water

134
Q

Doge’s Palace in Venice

A

secular building
seat of government in Venice
combines Eastern (Oriental) elements with Gothic features- tracery decorations, pointed arches, quatrefoil patterns

135
Q

The Mosque

A

place of worship for followers of Islam
each one have a minaret- tower to call the believers for prayer
mihrab- prayer niche- indicate direction of Mecca for all participants in communal prayer turn

136
Q

Black Figure Pottery

A

Engobe- slip of finely sifted clay- applied to exterior wall where the figures appear
coarser clay used to paint background

137
Q

The Pantheon in ROme

A

Best preserved ancient Roman building
temple of gods, church, continuous use
built by Hadrian
temple facade in front of domed rotunda- shell of concrete that thikcens toward base
interior has ca offered celing and oculus (round opening) with slightly convex floor to allow for water drainage

138
Q

What is a part of the Pre-Classical Greece

A

Minoan Culture (2500-1400 BC)
Mycenaean Culture (1400-1200 BC)

139
Q

Symptomatic for decline was what shift from building activity

A

major building activity went to provinces instead of center
theater design

140
Q

Decline of Roman Empire

A

Dicloetian- firs tto divide Rome into Western and Eastern to facilitie its administration
unified once more under Constantine and then permanently divided

141
Q

Saint Chapelle in Paris

A

Center of paris- endpoint of development of Gothic Style
walls taken over completely by long stretches of stained-glass widowsd, finishing in pointed arches and trefoil patterns
attached to royal palace in Paris
repository for relics of the Passion of Christ (piece of true cross)

142
Q

Altar of Zues and Athena

A

loss of sensibiliy for architectural proportions and measure that defined classicla period

dramatic flight of stairs and oversized freize at base- emphasizes pain, suffering, death

143
Q

Baths of Caracalle

A

public baths- monumentality of later Roman art and architecture- extensive use of vaults- mosaics, recreation for thousands of Romans
succession of cold water pools, central room with smaller warm water pool, circular hot water pool in domed rotunda, steam baths, dressing rooms, lounges, exercise rooms, public lubrary
running water and sewer system- aqueducts

144
Q

Sant’ Apollinare in Classe

A

Ravenna
St. Apollinaris- martyred in Classe-
most spectacular apse mosaics of Byzantine period
blue medallion with jeweled cross- aobe the hand of GOd descends from clouds- flanked by Moses and ELijah
12 sheep flank patron saint- issuing from cities of Bethlehem and Jerusalem.
Above Apse is medallion of Christ with two Archangels

145
Q

Imperial Rome Portraiture

A

form of marble busts
hairstyle and fashion helps date works
early Rome- truthfulness- wrinkles (Veritus)
Augustus- more youthful (greek) idealized
Hadrian- beard, wilder hair, more contrast (Socrates- still Greek lover)
Carcalla- wrinkless, fear/anxiety (military)

146
Q

Typically roman decorative combination

A

garland held up by heads of oxen

147
Q

Christianity in Rome

A

Constantine tolerated it (Edict of Milan 313)
Theodosius made it state religion (383)

148
Q

Pompenian Second Style

A

painted illusionistic ledge with succession of naturalistically rendered figure groups

149
Q

Byzantine Architects

A

Masoleum of Constanza- biulding with central plan (round or polygonal structure)
daughter of emperor Constantine, christian
domed rotunda, barrel-vaulted corridor, central space with sarcophagus
moasic mixing pagan rome and christian imagery

150
Q

Romanesque sculpture

A

architexture and sculpture exist closely together in this period
products of same workshops of builders
many cathedrals had relief sculptures at various entrances
didactic- stories of Bible
Cautionary- wages of sin, divine punishment, etc.

151
Q

Forum Romanum

A

started by Augustus- each emporer built forum to commemorate greatness of his rule
center of Roman political, business, and social life
consist of colonnaded courts- often with temple dedicated to protective deity associated with emperor

152
Q

monasteries

A

essential for medieval civilization
provided many public services- medical services, care for the poor, function as centers of learning, food processing, and storage
only place one could learn how to read or write
depending on order- take oath of poverty, chastiy, obedience, sometimes silence

153
Q

What did Pottery do in geometric period

A

tells life-like scene and tells mythological story

154
Q

ANcesotr of Mycenean

A

indo-european tribe- mostly nomads-

155
Q

Chartes Cathedral, FRance

A

pointed arches with groin vaults to increase height and pierce walls with window space
height of cathedral became competition
windows filled with stained glass
rose window at end- flying buttresses
scene of second coming- sculptures galore
greater degree of naturalism

156
Q

Hellenistic art (used to be called Greek Art)

A

departure from Classical canon of idealized human beauty
drama, violence, suffering, age, physical decay became focus of interest
emergence of nude female figures for sculpture

157
Q

what town has a lot of examples of Byzantine art

A

Ravenna

158
Q

Metopes

A

spaces between the tryglyphs- often filled with sculptures

159
Q

Split of Rome (permanent)

A

395- Eastern half- Constantinople as capital was Byzantine Empire- less decline but still had some
Western half officially declined by sack of ROme by Goths in 410

East- Byzantium- Orthodox
Weatern- Rome- Roman Catholic Faith

160
Q

Scriptoriums

A

TRanscription offices in monastieres
copying most text by hand and ulluminiating manuscripts
popular as younger siblings pushed to join

161
Q

political organization of Greece

A

independent city states,
earliest form of democracy
emergence of the Athenian POLIS
body of full citizens in Greek city-state with
voting rights

162
Q

Byzantine Art

A

focus of innovative artistic and architectural activity shifted to Constantinople in early medieval period
theaters, hippodromes, water suply system, Christian monuments- church, cathedral, convent

163
Q

Pediment

A

triagnular space on top of temple

164
Q

Captial

A

FLare and simple slab- top of columnsS

165
Q

Sant Apollinare Nuovo

A

Eastern Goths had it built- Arians- heretical sect of Christianity
Ravenna

166
Q

Gothic

A

1140-1370 (lingering 1700 in northern EUrope)
conitnued expansion of cities and urban culture
rise of secular literature about chivalry and experiences of the Crusades
Literature growing, Universities being founded

167
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roma nPeace- lasted 150 years- ruled by line of Emporers- Julio Claudians
characterized by effots to glorify outer aspects of Empire- empahsis on building public works, architecture, and infrastructure

168
Q

two principle structure of Mycenean culture

A

heavy fortification walls and defensive character
Myceans feared enemies (unlike Minoans)

169
Q

Romanesque Architecture

A

large, simple, massive cathedral architure
thick walls with few or small windows, dark interior
Latin Cross plans
Vaulted nave (barrel vault)
Buttresses
Ambulatory with radiating chapels

170
Q

Early Christian Iconography

A

Good Shepherd appears in Roman artworks before, now symbolize CHrist
Appears 3 times- trinity
grapvines, pressing wine- used to be Bacchus sacred but now symbolize the Eucharist
Erotic connotatin of putti as offspring of Venus now asexuality of Christian Cherubs

borrowed and repurposed symbols and themes from pagan art

171
Q

Bayeux Tapestry

A

embroidered piece of textile made of wool sewn on linen- 20 in high, 230 ft long
iconography commemorates Norman defeat of Anglo Saxons at Hastings in 1066
England and Frace under Duke of Normandry
comissioned by Bishop Odo
unique because depiction of secular, contemporary event shortly after event
created by female artist

172
Q

Adminiatractive changes by Diocletiean

A

large fortified palace in Split in Croatia
like Roman Colonial city- axial arrangement and division into blocks
both imperial palace and fortress

173
Q

western civilizations owes its formulative impules above all to whom

A

Greece

174
Q

House of Vetii

A

atrium and oping in the roof- Roman theater design- sexually explicit fresco

175
Q

3rd Century Rome

A

tribes from northern fringes of Epire started fighting Rome- damaged economic and administrative structures
Mentaily changes (anti- materilaism) of inside from Christianity- toleration from Constantine in 313 and offidical relgion in 380
split empire- 395

176
Q

What do all hiatorian agree happened with Myceaneans in 1600 BCE

A

took over Island of Crete- not stay long- gone 1400 BCE
learn useful things- approved archtiectural techniques
variant of Linear A script- Linear B

177
Q

Hellensitic Period

A

Athenian defeated- Philip of Macedon winning
balance bw city state and individual lost- civil wars and social/political unrest
During Alexander the Great

178
Q

contrapposto pose

A

fitgure stiding forward in space

179
Q

Romanesque

A

year 1000- political situation stabilized- rise to Cathedrals (late Middle Ages)

1000-1200
construction of many cathedrals and rise of cities (feudalism)
Cathedrals are neculues for cities

180
Q

Cycladic culture

A

Greek islands

181
Q

Hellensitc Sculpture

A

increasing frequency, rendered on an oversized scale
new cast: barbarians (non-Greeks), old folk, and children
objective- stir emotion of observor- not celebrate bauty and harmony
posess disharmonious, unsettling, and eccentric content

182
Q

Helladic Culture

A

Greek mainland

183
Q

Midieval art characteristics

A

stark formality of pose
flatness of rendering
lack of 3D space

Byzantine art is earth midieval art

184
Q

Red Figure Pottery

A

after 530 BCE
scraping outlines with a syringe like instrument and later applying an engobe slip for the parts that appear in black

reverse of black figure painting

185
Q

Islam

A

Prophet Mohammad- Saudi Arbia- taught at Meca and Medina- spread to Arabic Peninsula- most of Middle East and northern Africa
started 570
took down Byzantine empire- 1453- Memet II The Conquereer
711-1492 SPain became ISlamic then reverted

186
Q

entabulature

A

the space from above the columns to below the pediment

187
Q

Republican ROme

A

FOunded in 753 BCE and monarchy until 509 BCE
Greek and etruscans were absorved into Rome
adept in Public administration, buildings of infrastructure, responsbile for invention of many western concepts of law and government. Calendar, language, some religious ideas

188
Q

Minoan Culture

A

island of Crete- 2800-1450 BC

189
Q

Palatine Chapel

A

robust strength and simplicity of round structure- like romanesque style to come
defined by thick walls and use of rounded, superimposed arches- octagonal shape reference roman arhitecture

190
Q

ROman society split

A

plebians (common people)
patricians (aristocratic leadership class)

191
Q

Pagan Rome

A

pre-Christian- polytheist

192
Q

Erechtheum

A

Also Ionian
named after mythical Athenian hero- Erechtheus
asymmetrical plan- several shrines on multiple levels
built over Athena/Poseidon contest
Represent first use of figurative columns (Caryatid figures)

193
Q

what is one of the few authentically Greek Works

A

RIace Warriors- life-size bronze warrior- Sevdere style

194
Q

architecture in Republican Rome

A

Synthesis of Greek and Etruscan architecural elements
High podium, large cellae (naos), deep porch, engaged columns (inserted into wall)
use of concrete combined with arches and vaults

195
Q

Division of Rome

A

Eastern and Western
Each emperor (Augustus) had a deputy (Caesar)
form the 4 tetrarchs

Art (11 decks)

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