Module 3 Flashcards
Catacombs
Before tolerated, Christians persecuted by Roman and found refuge in Catacombs
maze-like system of undergroun funerary sites- from granular tufa
galleries connected small rooms filled ith funerary niches
unsanitaty conditions
Christian catacombs
fresco decoration help identify
not level of Pompeii but first time see Chrsitian iconography
Christ depicted as Good Shepherd- surrounded by figure in orants (prayer poses)
Pergamon
hotbed of Hellensitic art and culture- Greek Settlement in Asia Minor
experienced belligergent incursions of Gauls
Different Minoan Periods
Early Minoan Period (3000-2100 BCE)
Middle Minoan period (2100-1600 BCE)
Late Minoan Period (1600-1100 BCE)
Doric
Most simple, massive, oldest, rustic
Mainland Greece
plain, cushion like capitals, triglyph and metope on alternative on the frieze
heavy
Shaft- vertical lines- flutes
no decoratice foot
Entasis- shaft swell a bit towards the center
masculine
Portrait and sculpture in Republican ROme
Veritas (truth) and severitas (severity)
show verism (unflattering truthfulness)- wrinkles, severe seriousness
Column of TRajan
Celebrate successful campaigns afainst the Dacians-
low relief carved out of marble forms continuous spiral band of 150 episodes of the war
Taj Mahal
In INdia
not another mosque but actually giant mausoleum
Shah Jahan, Muslim Mughal ruler, erected Tah Mahal to wife he lost
massive cubical structure surmounted by large balloon shaped dome, facade pierced by niches and decorated in tile
surrounded by 4 towers, felecting pools, and gardens
evoke description on Parade to their religion
Characterization of Late Archaic period
better understanding of anatomy and musculature- geometric simplification disappears and blends into CLassical Greek art cannon
Ara Pasic Augstae
celebrate pacification of Spain and Gaul and the Emprire
interior and exterior decorated with relief panels
procession panel- royal process led by Augustus
Tellus Relief panel- ancient Roman Earth mother
garlands, oxen heads, and Acanthus
Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland
complex buildings- abbey church in center, cloisters, chaspter houses, dormitories, dining halls, kitchens, storage room
Infkuence of Byzantine Architecture
Italy- especially Venice
St. Mark’s Cathedral- Greek Cross Plan- cluster of 4 domes on pendentives
interior- rich gold ground mostaics- key stoeis of old and new testmanet
jewel like gilded interior
Minoan Sculptures and Ceramics
Snake Goddess at Knossos
Octopus Har- Marine Style- valuable liquid
Optical corrections of the Parthenon
foundation is convex- curves slightly and columns tilt slightly inward to adjust for the bend of the land
invenction of money
first to mint and circulate coins for payment and financial transactions
Migration Period - Middle Ages
Fall of Western Half of Roman Empire was triggered by Goths, Vandals, HUns, and others- domino effect of displacement
Christian Church took over wordly power
drop in numbers meant civilization and infrastrcuture at low point
small portable objects
skills of metalcraft and cloisonne techniwue
Last years of Republican Rome
Civil wars- Caesar- future emporer Augustus- ended after defeating CLeopatra in 31 BCE
centauromachy
centaurs and Lapiths, gods, giants, Greeks,and amazons are engaged in battle
Earliest examples of Greek art
forms of idols
overall geometric simplification of human figures into different basic shapes
What did Alexander the Great conquer
most of NEar and Middle East
Sumer, Babylon, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, parts of INdia
City of Alexendria- named after him
influx and subsequent absorption of Eastern cultural and artistic influences
When was ROme at heigh of its power
Second century- emporers Trajan, Hadrian, Antonines
largest geographical expansion- rom Britain to Egypt and Mesopotamia
Canon for Classical Greek Sculpture
formulaic, idealized human proportion
Islamic Architecture
The Mosque
individuality in Greece
emphasis on indiviuality and accomplishment of the individual
Hellensitc Period
(323-30 BC)
Islamic Applied Arts
textiles (rugs)
ceramics (Vessels, tiles)
tooled metal working
type of prohibitions against any figurative depction
patterned designs and calligraphy are instead stressed
metropolitian Kouros
early archaic period
geometric space
stiff, lack spark of lige,
contrapposto pose
Archaic Period Characterization
stiff, unnatural human figure who musculature is interpreted in terms of geomtetric shapes in 3D.
Kroisos Kouros
Late archaic period
correct rendering of anatomy, musculature, movement of body in space- lifelike
What are the classical orders
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
post and lintel- more sophisticated and decorative
Palatial Sites
ruins of castles
Phaistos, Knossos, Malia, Zakros
connected by expansive systems of roads- linear script A- writing
International trade
limited at point to Mediterranena basin
Italy, Asia minor, north Africa, egypt, etc.
Geometric Period
900-700 BCE
type of decoration found on pottery- meander, wedge-shaped and checkerboard patterns
mutliple bands of figure forming funerary procession
Frieze
top of entabulatore- has the decorative parts
What brought end to Athenian Dominance
Peloponnesian War 404 BCE
The Parthenon (Athens)
Oldest and largest of buildings on the Acropolis
epitome of Classical Ideals of architecture
dedicated to Athena Parthenos
symbol of birth of democracy (DC structures after it)
Doric (but also ionic elements)
treasury
Byzantine architecture
Latin Cross plan (one end of cross is longer than other three)
simple from outside but rich mosaic decoration inside
What are interchangeable terms due to time frame
Early Midieval, Late Roman, Late Classical
innovators of Gothic Style in Architecture
Bernard of Clairvauz and abbe Suger- French kings buried
Faith was mystical and intuitive, not rational
admit light in structure for divine illumincation
How know what MInboan life was like
from the visible art left behind- not translated script yet
Master yof ship building
faciliated commercian exchanges and geographical expansion of greek culture
Myceneaen
Culture on Greek Mainland
Warrior society- rise and fall before Ancient Greece (Classical Greece)
immortalized in stories (Homer)
sophisticated and wealthy
what is Medieval art rich in
religious symbolism
Phidias- clothes
drapery acts like water around the body
Constantine’s triumphal arch
see shift to medieval period and decline of classical ideals
medallions on arch date to Hadrian’s time but relief band is geniune product
flat and generic
possess rigid formatilty, repetetive, lack awareness for 3D
composition is static, little awareness of proportions
minoan ancestors
Anatolia 7000 BCE
Canon
idealized form that can be studied or regulated
rules that can be followed
Doric Temple Example
the Parthenon
Mosque of Cordoba
rededicated to Christian Church today
typical large prayer hall, mihrab with richly patterned mosaic
unique system of double tiered arches of polychrome sotne- one arch upon another arch
combination of local Spanish and Moorish influences
Medieval Mentality
saving one’s soul in afterlife by living a pious, modest, virtuous life
here and now unimportant, true reward after death if earned place in Heaven
Roman Periods
Etruscan Art (700-510 BCE)
Art and Architecture of Republican ROme (509-27 BCE- Augustus first emporer)
Art and Architecure of Imperial Rome (27 BCE- 337- year of Constantine the Great- first to tolerate Christianity)
Advent of Christianity, Fall of Western Roman Empire, Transition to Medieval Period (337-500)
triglyphs
3 marks- patterns
Anhropocentric
human centered world view
Propylaea
entry gate to the complex (Acropolis) reached after climbing steep winding slope
Path of Panathenaic Procession-
remains unfinisehd becasue of Peloponnesian War
buildings by it supposed to contain library and first picture gallery in history
Ealiest period of GReece Sculpture
Archaic Period
divided into early and late phase
Corinthian
Really complicated
leaf-like shape
has foot base
taller than doric- highly decorative
Christian Architecture
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome- earliest example of permanent church structure
blueprint for Christian builders in centuries to come
based on many elements of traditional Roman basilica design
entrance through gateway, an atrium, entrance hall, nave, lower side aisles, apse, transept, and timber roof
why are minoans called that
after legendary King Minos
How were phases determined
Distinct pottery styles
Roman building technique
use of concrete as building materials
introduction of arches and vaults to construct buildings, bridges, and aqueducts
Greek and ROman Art overview
Geometry- somple designs in repeating pattern- then people and animals appear
archaic- more realistic (hair- Egyptain- leg- stability) black figure ware, red figure ware
Classical- Acropolis, Parthenon athens; more realistic and idealistic sculpture- contrapposto
Hellenistic- life-like sculpture with more emotion/action; nude female
Romans- love Greek culture- did more true likeness of subject, propogranda- glorify emporers
Augustus- strong, young, warrior; columns- victories
dome, arch, aqueduct, Pantheon Rome
Architectural features of Citadel
Very high up- see any enemies
large walls
direct route of Agean and Gulf- critical spot of trade
Series of Rooms to Megaron- audience hall
baiss of columns that support porch coverings
Grave Circle A- found gold with the elite- large stone blocks, flat, covered by other slabs
Kritios Boy
summary of correctly rendered human proportions and anatomy in the art of Early CLassical Period
Also suggests idealized canon of the human figure
Porta Nigra
the Black Gate
ROman city Gate and military architecture
defensive purposes and to impress visitors
rusticated massonry
what concludes the transition between Classical to Hellenistic period
rise of Alexander the Great
Porphyr
extremely hard stone- limits level of artistic sophistication
signal decline in artistic abilities
Etruscan Sculpture
fenerary sarcophagi
life-like appearance- social events- modeled from clay
bronze and terracotta
End of the Roman Empire
Edict of Milan- 313- religious tolerance to Christians
Captial of Rome to Constantinople
sense of measure and proportions disapper and emphasis on monumnetality appears
Imperial ROme Architecture example
The Colosseum
Byzantine culture
Greek language and traifiotns
mixed roman civilization with orientalizing influences of NEar East
iconoclactic controversy- wide destruction of visual art
Rise of Islam- political, military, and religious challenge to Byzantine who lose
Linear B script
Mycenean writing
glimpse of everyday life
inventory list for objects
Pre-Classical Greece cultures
Cycladic culture (Greek islands)
Helladic culture (Greek mainland)
Minoan Culture (island of Crete- 2800-1450 BC
Mycenaean culture- Greek mainloan associated with Mycenae- peninsula with Sparta 1550-1100 BC)
Hagia Sophia history
Christian Church first
converted to Mosque when Islamic conquest
Secular Mueseum from 1935-2020
now mosque again
first Gothic Structure
Abbey of St. Denis by Abbot Suger
Notre Dome Cathedral
heart of Paris- combine Romanesque and Gothic Features- outer appearance is Gothic
Structure features stained glass, large rose window, and flying buttresses.
Gargoyle statues on balconies- stereotype of medieval art
BUilt throughout the romanesque and gothic periods
Acropolis
Ensemble of structures built during Classical Period on plateau overlooking Athens
The Colosseum
Flagan Amphitheater; named colosseum because by the “colossel” stature of Nero in front
built in 10 years; 50,000-80,000 people; concrete
two semi-circular theaters enclosng oval arena with movable sun cover
public work monument, started by Vespasian and completed by TItus
Carolingian Period
9th century, Charlemagne unified kingdom covering Germany and France
800 Crowned Emporer of Rome- Holy ROman EMpire
Palatine Chapel and court in Aachen
Monasteries
Reason for Minoan Culture Declining
1400 BCE
volcanic eruption on Thera or incursions of Mycenaean people from mainland
Naos of Parthenon
enclosed inner temple sanctuary
subdivided- one half contained Athena scultpire, other was the Delian League trasury
Church of San Vitale
culmination of Byzantine splnor in Ravenna
Orientalizing motives mix with Naturalism
exterior is plain- central plan of concentric octagons, surrounding ambulatory and columned niches
men and women separate during service (like mosque)
intricsate medieval lace patterns on capitals
focus on apse mosaics- Christ seated on orb of world with 4 rivers of Paradise nect to him
golden wreath of victory to St. Vitalis
Emperor Justinian, Empress Theodora and attendants seen
Gothic Architecture
ornately decorated facades and ineriors
Latin-cross floor plans
Emphasis on height and verticality of the nave
Large windows allowing for the introduction of stained glass windows
Use of groin vaults with pointed arches to allow for a skeletal construction in the choir
Entruscan Tomb Architecture
Tumulus (Earth mount) tomb
interiors from tufa rock- soft stone- birghtly painted plaster reliefs representing weapons, tools, kitchen utensils
Shaft
what we call columns
has flutes
Ionic
after the Doric
imported from Asia Minor
sense of delicacy (more feminine)
taller and thinner
distinguising feature at top- the capital
volutes- slightly different fluting
has a foot base
Ottoman Period art
still illuminated book manuscripts- often equipped with sumptuous bindings
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram
liturgical instruments
Otto Mathilden Crossq
Minoan Architecture
founded first highly developed, ubran culture in Western Hemisphere
Most significant one is Palace of Knossos- 1600-1400 BCE
Linear A
not know actual name for that
may be inspired or stolen it
pictograph before this alphabet
not transalted yet
Hagia Sophia
6th century, unique for design and scale
central plan and basilica
dome- more than 180 ft high, on square barrel, two hald domes on either side of square
hide enormous stone piers
dome on pendentives
no pictures of figures
Augustus Primopora
naturalistic
moving forward
recallv Golden Age of Greece- bringing Golden Age of Rome
link lineage to Aneage- descended from gods
idealizing him- more youthful and athletic contrast of Rome- new tradition
divinely orgained leader of Empire
Diptych
term that describes an object consisting of two hinged panels
What is perfect for Greeks
The HUman body
mathematic precision/propotion of every part of body was perfect in regard to others
Tratury of Atrios
Tholos tomb
numerous gold objects found here
strong contacts with Egyptian culture
one of defining characteristics of Middle Ages as whole
Monasticism
communities of monks or nuns living in seclusion- dedicated to spiritual lfie
Relief carvings
technique of choice for semi circular lintel plaqcues aboce a door and the pillar in the center of cathedral entrances
figures flattened, fragmented, and stylizied instead of naturalistcally
themes- Last Judgement, Apocalypse, Rising of Dead
Arch of Titus
triumphal arch- commemorate military victories with such structures- each arch associated with rule of specific emporer and conquests
ornamental version of city gates
Titus- Conquest of Jerusalem
Peaceful colonization
mostly peaceful colonization of Mediterranena basin
especially Italy
Ottonian Period
Charlemagn’es three grandsons split empire into western, central, and eastern area (France, Lorraine, and German)
only German part was stable and ruled by succession of Kings called Otto (I, II, III)
Grave Circle A
many sites of burial of kings
shows rich and sophisticated
where lots of art found was
shows they are not isolated
anatolia, Canaan, Wgypt
literature in Greece
Illiad and Odyseey- first works in canon of Western literature
birth of mythology
poetry
Etruscans
pre-dates Ancient Rome (peak at 600-500 BCE)
absorbed Greek influences by Greek colonies in SOuthern Italy
shifted to urban civilization- eneemies of GReeks and Romans
Funerary rituals and terracotta and bronze sculptures
Key qualities of Medieval Art (Ottoman period)
flatness of form, no spatial depth
emphasis on line rather than form
un-naturalistic figures; no life-like rendering
Tholos Tomb
Largest tomb
expression of power (ruling elite)
passageway into hill to tombs
carvings, relief sculpture, decorative stone
dromos- pathway
ceremonial- lintel and corbelling- as up moving inward- relieving triangle
round chamber- largest space until Pantheon
exception to migration period
Ireland
Monasticism
manuscript illuminiations of Christian text wither interlace patterns- handwritten
CLassical Period Sculpture
ahcieve complete and correct understanding of human body
knowledge of principles governing weight shift- contrapposto
Byzantine Architecture
large number of Cathedrals, churches, convents, and artworks
Hagia Sophia (emitomizes power and splendor)
cloisonne technique
migration period of Middle Ages
small metal strips, usually gold, soldered on metal background and metal rimmed compartments attained are filled with precious stone or enamel paste- made of crushed glass that is melted into paste
Otto Mathilden Cross
treasury of Essen Cathedral
Golden and Jewel-encrusted cross- brough out and carried in procession on certain feast days
materials, style, subject matter, and craft skills same as Codex Aureus binding
Who were minoans influenced by
Greece, Egypt, Anatolia, Canaan
Why are Myceneans called that
traces of them first discovered in Mycenae
similar artifacts later found in Thebes, Athens, Tiryins, Pylos, and more
Primary time perdios
Pre-Classical Greece
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Period
What qualities set Ancient Greece apart from Egypt and Mesopotamia
Literature
political organization
anthropocentric (Human-centered)
individuality
peaceful colonization
invention of money/currency
scientific discoveries
mastery of ship building
international trade
example of Romaneseque architecture
St. Sernin in Toulouse, France
Germany Speyer Cathedral- first to have innovative architectural feature- large groin vault (octogonal crossing dome)- allowed light
Mycenaean culture collapse
after 1200 BCE
invasion of Dorian people equipped with iron weaons stronger than bronze of mycanaeans
CLassical Period of Greece
followed conclusion of Persian Wars- all Hellenes joined together to stop the Persian War
expansion of Olympic Games
Sculptures depicted idealized warriors and athletes
Athens had foremost power as ciy-state- leadership in war
Roman sign of Greek copy
Struts and trunks meant to support and stabilize the base of sculpture
Temple of Athena Nike
earliest building on Acropolis
Ionic order- influenced from Asia Minor
example of Greek art after Doric invasion
pottery
Artworks of choice in Middle Ages
small, hand held objects like ivory carvings
because of political turmoil, incursion, military instability
Palace of Knossos importance
confirm old legends and myths of advanced civilization on island of crete
Confirmed labrynth of King Minos- minotaur
dominant over all others
Parthenon History
Greek temple, then Christian Church, then Turkish Mosque.
Was amunition depot, hit by Venetian shell and exploded- ruin state of sculpture
Lord Elgin brought fragments to London- Greece trying to get it back
Discobolos (Discuc Thrower)
highly dramatic scultpure of athelte right before releasing
muscalture most tense
citadel of Tiryins
Massive Cyclopean walls
ceremonial path through porch and vestible to megaron (throne room)
Entruscan
culture- influenced Rokmans
very wealthy- had city states
League of 12 Peoples- figure out problems concerning all the city states- religion, trade agreements
coordinated action exception not the rule
adaptable- learn from other civilizations
Mycenaean culture
Greek mainlaind associated with Mycenae- peninsula with SParta- 1550-1100 BC
Minoan Art
full of life and color
love of nature and sea
Bull Cult
pottery and frescoes
What is a part of Classical Greece
Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
Classical Period (480-323 BC)
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram
binding made of precious stone and gold repousse plaques
Christ in Majesty, 4 Evangelist, scene from life of CHrist
Codex Aureus means GOlden Book, St. Emmeram was monastery where it was kept
Charles the Bald Enthroned- page from it, one of three grandsons involved in diving empire
Pompeii
lot of knowledge about daily life in Republican Rome- preserved under ashes
preserved commercial (shops, offices, taverns) and residential sections (upscale private villas and more)
House of Vetii
What does Red Figure Pottery bring
more naturalistic poses and accurate atonomy
scienftiic discoveries in Freece
Mathematics and natural science on rise
Pythagoras
Migration Period Art
Cloissone technique
interlaced decorative patterns
krater
vessel used for mixing wine and water
Doge’s Palace in Venice
secular building
seat of government in Venice
combines Eastern (Oriental) elements with Gothic features- tracery decorations, pointed arches, quatrefoil patterns
The Mosque
place of worship for followers of Islam
each one have a minaret- tower to call the believers for prayer
mihrab- prayer niche- indicate direction of Mecca for all participants in communal prayer turn
Black Figure Pottery
Engobe- slip of finely sifted clay- applied to exterior wall where the figures appear
coarser clay used to paint background
The Pantheon in ROme
Best preserved ancient Roman building
temple of gods, church, continuous use
built by Hadrian
temple facade in front of domed rotunda- shell of concrete that thikcens toward base
interior has ca offered celing and oculus (round opening) with slightly convex floor to allow for water drainage
What is a part of the Pre-Classical Greece
Minoan Culture (2500-1400 BC)
Mycenaean Culture (1400-1200 BC)
Symptomatic for decline was what shift from building activity
major building activity went to provinces instead of center
theater design
Decline of Roman Empire
Dicloetian- firs tto divide Rome into Western and Eastern to facilitie its administration
unified once more under Constantine and then permanently divided
Saint Chapelle in Paris
Center of paris- endpoint of development of Gothic Style
walls taken over completely by long stretches of stained-glass widowsd, finishing in pointed arches and trefoil patterns
attached to royal palace in Paris
repository for relics of the Passion of Christ (piece of true cross)
Altar of Zues and Athena
loss of sensibiliy for architectural proportions and measure that defined classicla period
dramatic flight of stairs and oversized freize at base- emphasizes pain, suffering, death
Baths of Caracalle
public baths- monumentality of later Roman art and architecture- extensive use of vaults- mosaics, recreation for thousands of Romans
succession of cold water pools, central room with smaller warm water pool, circular hot water pool in domed rotunda, steam baths, dressing rooms, lounges, exercise rooms, public lubrary
running water and sewer system- aqueducts
Sant’ Apollinare in Classe
Ravenna
St. Apollinaris- martyred in Classe-
most spectacular apse mosaics of Byzantine period
blue medallion with jeweled cross- aobe the hand of GOd descends from clouds- flanked by Moses and ELijah
12 sheep flank patron saint- issuing from cities of Bethlehem and Jerusalem.
Above Apse is medallion of Christ with two Archangels
Imperial Rome Portraiture
form of marble busts
hairstyle and fashion helps date works
early Rome- truthfulness- wrinkles (Veritus)
Augustus- more youthful (greek) idealized
Hadrian- beard, wilder hair, more contrast (Socrates- still Greek lover)
Carcalla- wrinkless, fear/anxiety (military)
Typically roman decorative combination
garland held up by heads of oxen
Christianity in Rome
Constantine tolerated it (Edict of Milan 313)
Theodosius made it state religion (383)
Pompenian Second Style
painted illusionistic ledge with succession of naturalistically rendered figure groups
Byzantine Architects
Masoleum of Constanza- biulding with central plan (round or polygonal structure)
daughter of emperor Constantine, christian
domed rotunda, barrel-vaulted corridor, central space with sarcophagus
moasic mixing pagan rome and christian imagery
Romanesque sculpture
architexture and sculpture exist closely together in this period
products of same workshops of builders
many cathedrals had relief sculptures at various entrances
didactic- stories of Bible
Cautionary- wages of sin, divine punishment, etc.
Forum Romanum
started by Augustus- each emporer built forum to commemorate greatness of his rule
center of Roman political, business, and social life
consist of colonnaded courts- often with temple dedicated to protective deity associated with emperor
monasteries
essential for medieval civilization
provided many public services- medical services, care for the poor, function as centers of learning, food processing, and storage
only place one could learn how to read or write
depending on order- take oath of poverty, chastiy, obedience, sometimes silence
What did Pottery do in geometric period
tells life-like scene and tells mythological story
ANcesotr of Mycenean
indo-european tribe- mostly nomads-
Chartes Cathedral, FRance
pointed arches with groin vaults to increase height and pierce walls with window space
height of cathedral became competition
windows filled with stained glass
rose window at end- flying buttresses
scene of second coming- sculptures galore
greater degree of naturalism
Hellenistic art (used to be called Greek Art)
departure from Classical canon of idealized human beauty
drama, violence, suffering, age, physical decay became focus of interest
emergence of nude female figures for sculpture
what town has a lot of examples of Byzantine art
Ravenna
Metopes
spaces between the tryglyphs- often filled with sculptures
Split of Rome (permanent)
395- Eastern half- Constantinople as capital was Byzantine Empire- less decline but still had some
Western half officially declined by sack of ROme by Goths in 410
East- Byzantium- Orthodox
Weatern- Rome- Roman Catholic Faith
Scriptoriums
TRanscription offices in monastieres
copying most text by hand and ulluminiating manuscripts
popular as younger siblings pushed to join
political organization of Greece
independent city states,
earliest form of democracy
emergence of the Athenian POLIS
body of full citizens in Greek city-state with
voting rights
Byzantine Art
focus of innovative artistic and architectural activity shifted to Constantinople in early medieval period
theaters, hippodromes, water suply system, Christian monuments- church, cathedral, convent
Pediment
triagnular space on top of temple
Captial
FLare and simple slab- top of columnsS
Sant Apollinare Nuovo
Eastern Goths had it built- Arians- heretical sect of Christianity
Ravenna
Gothic
1140-1370 (lingering 1700 in northern EUrope)
conitnued expansion of cities and urban culture
rise of secular literature about chivalry and experiences of the Crusades
Literature growing, Universities being founded
Pax Romana
Roma nPeace- lasted 150 years- ruled by line of Emporers- Julio Claudians
characterized by effots to glorify outer aspects of Empire- empahsis on building public works, architecture, and infrastructure
two principle structure of Mycenean culture
heavy fortification walls and defensive character
Myceans feared enemies (unlike Minoans)
Romanesque Architecture
large, simple, massive cathedral architure
thick walls with few or small windows, dark interior
Latin Cross plans
Vaulted nave (barrel vault)
Buttresses
Ambulatory with radiating chapels
Early Christian Iconography
Good Shepherd appears in Roman artworks before, now symbolize CHrist
Appears 3 times- trinity
grapvines, pressing wine- used to be Bacchus sacred but now symbolize the Eucharist
Erotic connotatin of putti as offspring of Venus now asexuality of Christian Cherubs
borrowed and repurposed symbols and themes from pagan art
Bayeux Tapestry
embroidered piece of textile made of wool sewn on linen- 20 in high, 230 ft long
iconography commemorates Norman defeat of Anglo Saxons at Hastings in 1066
England and Frace under Duke of Normandry
comissioned by Bishop Odo
unique because depiction of secular, contemporary event shortly after event
created by female artist
Adminiatractive changes by Diocletiean
large fortified palace in Split in Croatia
like Roman Colonial city- axial arrangement and division into blocks
both imperial palace and fortress
western civilizations owes its formulative impules above all to whom
Greece
House of Vetii
atrium and oping in the roof- Roman theater design- sexually explicit fresco
3rd Century Rome
tribes from northern fringes of Epire started fighting Rome- damaged economic and administrative structures
Mentaily changes (anti- materilaism) of inside from Christianity- toleration from Constantine in 313 and offidical relgion in 380
split empire- 395
What do all hiatorian agree happened with Myceaneans in 1600 BCE
took over Island of Crete- not stay long- gone 1400 BCE
learn useful things- approved archtiectural techniques
variant of Linear A script- Linear B
Hellensitic Period
Athenian defeated- Philip of Macedon winning
balance bw city state and individual lost- civil wars and social/political unrest
During Alexander the Great
contrapposto pose
fitgure stiding forward in space
Romanesque
year 1000- political situation stabilized- rise to Cathedrals (late Middle Ages)
1000-1200
construction of many cathedrals and rise of cities (feudalism)
Cathedrals are neculues for cities
Cycladic culture
Greek islands
Hellensitc Sculpture
increasing frequency, rendered on an oversized scale
new cast: barbarians (non-Greeks), old folk, and children
objective- stir emotion of observor- not celebrate bauty and harmony
posess disharmonious, unsettling, and eccentric content
Helladic Culture
Greek mainland
Midieval art characteristics
stark formality of pose
flatness of rendering
lack of 3D space
Byzantine art is earth midieval art
Red Figure Pottery
after 530 BCE
scraping outlines with a syringe like instrument and later applying an engobe slip for the parts that appear in black
reverse of black figure painting
Islam
Prophet Mohammad- Saudi Arbia- taught at Meca and Medina- spread to Arabic Peninsula- most of Middle East and northern Africa
started 570
took down Byzantine empire- 1453- Memet II The Conquereer
711-1492 SPain became ISlamic then reverted
entabulature
the space from above the columns to below the pediment
Republican ROme
FOunded in 753 BCE and monarchy until 509 BCE
Greek and etruscans were absorved into Rome
adept in Public administration, buildings of infrastructure, responsbile for invention of many western concepts of law and government. Calendar, language, some religious ideas
Minoan Culture
island of Crete- 2800-1450 BC
Palatine Chapel
robust strength and simplicity of round structure- like romanesque style to come
defined by thick walls and use of rounded, superimposed arches- octagonal shape reference roman arhitecture
ROman society split
plebians (common people)
patricians (aristocratic leadership class)
Pagan Rome
pre-Christian- polytheist
Erechtheum
Also Ionian
named after mythical Athenian hero- Erechtheus
asymmetrical plan- several shrines on multiple levels
built over Athena/Poseidon contest
Represent first use of figurative columns (Caryatid figures)
what is one of the few authentically Greek Works
RIace Warriors- life-size bronze warrior- Sevdere style
architecture in Republican Rome
Synthesis of Greek and Etruscan architecural elements
High podium, large cellae (naos), deep porch, engaged columns (inserted into wall)
use of concrete combined with arches and vaults
Division of Rome
Eastern and Western
Each emperor (Augustus) had a deputy (Caesar)
form the 4 tetrarchs
