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BIO 111 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff develop?

A

He developed a series of rules based on a survey of DNA composition in organisms

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2
Q

Chargaff’s Rules ?

A

of A was about equal to # of T

# of G is about equal to # of C

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3
Q

Who developed the shape of DNA?

A

Watson and Francis Crick w/ the help of Rosalina Franklin

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4
Q

After how many bases does the double helix twist

A

At every 10 bases

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5
Q

Pyrimidine consists of?

A

Cytosine & Thymine

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6
Q

Purine consists of?

A

Adenine & Guanine

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7
Q

Products of Semiconservative model of Replication

A

2 daughter DNA molecules
Each consists of parent strand and one new strand

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8
Q

About how many mutations might you get every time a cell divides?

A

6

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9
Q

The replication process begins at a site called?

A

Origin
of replication

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10
Q

In eukaryotes, about how many origin sites may there be?

A

Thousands of

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11
Q

What happens as the DNA strands separate?

A

A bubble w replication forks at each end forms

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12
Q

What is the job of the helicase?

A

Untwists & separates the template DNA at the replication fork

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13
Q

What purpose do single strand binding proteins serve?

A

They keep the unpaired strands apart during replication

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14
Q

What purpose does DNA polymerase serve?

A
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15
Q

Can DNA polymerase initiate synthesis?

A

No, it can only add to an existing one

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16
Q

At what end are nucleotides added to?

A

The 3’ (prime) end

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17
Q

What purpose does primase serve?

A

To lay down a primer made up of RNA and highlight the OH groups for DNA polymerase

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18
Q

How does DNA polymerase prepare raw nucleotides for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase hydrolyzes the last 2 phosphates that the nucleotides need to bond to template strand. The hydrolysis provides the energy needed for the endergonic rxn of adding the nucleotides

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19
Q

What drives the polymerization of nucleotides to the new strand?

A

Exergonic hydrolysis

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20
Q

Each of strand of DNA consist of ?

A

A 3’ end w/ a free OH attached to deoxyribose and a 5’ end w/ a phosphate group attached to deoxyribose

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21
Q

Are the strands in a double helix parallel or antiparallel?

A

Anti parallel

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22
Q

Which direction do all nucleic acids replicate from?

A

5’ to 3’ always

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23
Q

What problem comes up at the replication fork of the bubble as the DNA starts to separate?

A

Since DNA’s structure is antiparallel, one parental strand is oriented 3’ to 5’ into the form and the other parental strand is oriented 5’ to 3’

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24
Q

What is done to solve the problem at the replication fork?

A

The leading strand (3’ to 5’) can be used by polymerase as a template for a continuous complimentary strand, but as for the lagging strand (5’ to 3’) is copied away from the fork in short segments and has to keep waiting for the helicase to open it

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25
Q

What enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand together?

A

DNA ligase

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26
Q

What are the short segments created on the lagging strand during DNA replication called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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27
Q

When does the primer placed by primase get removed?

A

In the process, as the nucleotides are being added

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28
Q

How many times is the primer laid during DNA replication?

A

The leading strand requires one primer, while the lagging strand requires a new primer each time the helicase comes back to separate the strand

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29
Q

What purpose does topoisomerase serve?

A

It corrects “overwinding”/ any tangles when DNA is unraveling

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30
Q

How does topoisomerase work?

A

It makes various cuts and rejoin the strands to relieve pressure

31
Q

Purpose of DNA pol 1

A

Removed RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides once replication is done

32
Q

Purpose of DNA polymerase 3

A

Using parental DNA as template, it synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or preexisting DNA strand

33
Q

Types of DNA replication repair mechanisms

A
  1. Proof reading
  2. Nucleotide excision repair
34
Q

Once RNA primer is removed, how is the gap that it leaves filled in?

A

With junk called Telomeres

35
Q

Purpose of telomeres?

A

Protects the gene from being eroded through multiple rounds of DNA replication

36
Q

Telomerase?

A

Used a short molecule of RNA as a template to extend the 3’ end of the telomere

37
Q

Is telomerase present is most cells?

A

No, therefore the DNA of cells do tend to become shorter. This is thought to be the reason we age

38
Q

The order of how genes are expressed and create proteins?

A
  1. Separate the DNA strands 2
  2. mRNA transcripts the template strand
  3. The mRNA strand is then translated into proteins
39
Q

Where does Gene Translation occur

A

In the cytoplasm

40
Q

Where is DNA transcribed into RNA?

A

In the nucleus

41
Q

RNA polymerase does what?

A

Separate the DNA strands and bonds RNA nucleotides as they form base pairs

42
Q

How is all RNA produced?

A

Through transcription

43
Q

How does a RNA polymerase know to stop adding nucleotides?

A

Once it reads/transcribes a terminator sequence, everything disassociates

44
Q

Does RNA processing deal with all RNA?

A

No, only mRNA

45
Q

Steps of RNA processing

A
  1. Modified guanine putting on a 5’ cap
  2. An enzyme adds 50-250
  3. Removal of a large portion of RNA called RNA splicing
46
Q

What are introns

A

Non coding regions of DNA or RNA that have to get removed

47
Q

What are exonsv

A

Coding regions

48
Q

What complex does the RNA splicing ?

A

Spliceosomes

49
Q

Purpose of tRNA

A

Transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome. It will carry an anticodon on one end and a specific amino acid on the other r

50
Q

What purpose do Ribosomes serve in translation?

A

They add each amino acids carried by tRNA to the growing end of the polypeptide chain

51
Q

What types of RNA is used in translation

A

1.mRNA
2.tRNA
3.rRNA

52
Q

Wobble refers to what?

A

The wiggle room or flexibility when pairing at the 3rd base of a codon

53
Q

Codon?

A

Group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA

54
Q

Anti codon?

A

Group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA

55
Q

How many times can tRNA be used?

A

Repeatedly

56
Q

Schedule of a tRNA?

A

-to pick up its designated amino acid
-to deposit the animo acid at the ribosome
-to return to the cytosine to pick up another copy of that animo acid

57
Q

How are amino acids joined to the correct tRNA?

A

Animoacyl

58
Q

Animoacyl?

A

tRNA synthetase

59
Q

How many synthetase are there?

A

20 different ones to match all 20 different amino acids

60
Q

Are ribosomes the same between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

No

61
Q

Purpose of P site in a ribosome?

A

Holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

62
Q

Purpose of the A site in a ribosome?

A

It carried the tRNA w the next animo acid

63
Q

Purpose of E site in ribosomes?

A

It discharges the tRNA once the polypeptide chain is transferred to other tRNA

64
Q

How is DNA replication initiated?

A

Helicase recognized the origin sites

65
Q

How is transcription initiated?

A

Factors bind to promotor that is then recognized by RNA polymerase

66
Q

How is translation initiated?

A

A small ribosomal subunit will bind to mRNA and special inhibitor tRNA attaches to start codon and occupies P site

67
Q

Steps of Enlongation of the polypeptide chain

A
  1. Codon recognition
    2.Peptide Bond Formation
  2. Translocation
68
Q

What happens during peptide bond formation?

A

rRNA catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the poly peptide in the P site w the new animo acid in the A site

69
Q

What happens during translocation phase of Enlongation

A

The ribosome moves the tRNA w the attached polypeptide from the A site to the P site

70
Q

When does termination of Enlongation occur?

A

When 1 of the 3 stop codons reach the A site

71
Q

A point mutation that results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotides w another nucleotide pair

A

A base-pair mutation

72
Q

Silent mutations

A

When the 3rd nucleotide of a codon is not right but because of its flexibility nothing happens

73
Q

Ways to identify a mutation?

A

1.what happens
-is there an addition or subtraction
2.what is the effect
-silent mutation=no difference
-missense mutation= different animo acid
-nonsense mutation= stop codon, no function protein

74
Q

Types of mutations that can occur in a genome

A

-base pair substitution
-base pair addition
-base pair deletion

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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