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BIO 111 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

organisms that can sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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2
Q

What are Heterotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their energy/organic material from other organisms

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3
Q

Producers of the biosphere are…

A

autotroph

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4
Q

What makes Autotrophs the producers of the biosphere?

A

They produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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5
Q

Photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that use the energy of the sunlight to make organic molecules
ex: plants

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6
Q

The consumers of the biosphere are…

A

Heterotrophs

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7
Q

Photosynthesis?

A

a process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in carbon molecules (sugars)

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8
Q

Oxidation is..?

A

the loss of electrons

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9
Q

Reduction is..?

A

the gain of electrons
(gains a negative charge)

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10
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 and 12H2O + sunlight(carbon dioxide and water)

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11
Q

What are the reactants of Cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6, 6H2O, and 6O2 (sugar, water, and oxygen)

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12
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6, 6H2O, and 6O2

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13
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

6CO2 and 12H2O + ATP

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14
Q

What is Solar reduction?

A

the measure from one crest of one wave to crest to the next (wavelength)

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15
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light Reactions
  2. Calvin Cycle
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16
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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17
Q

Which way does the linear electron flow go?

A

Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1

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18
Q

What is the linear electron flow?

A

a process in oxygenic photosynthesis that moves electrons from water to NADP+ through three transmembranes. This process produces NADPH and ATP, which are essential for photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP w/ ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

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20
Q

The formula that ATP synthase catalyzes?

A

ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H. +in.

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21
Q

How is the ATP harnessed from the ETC (electron transport chain)

A

As electrons move through the ETC they drop little pieces of protons, those little pieces of protons (H+) is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP

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22
Q

What happens in the stroma during photosynthesis?

A

(H+) little pieces of proton ions combine w/ NADP+ to form NADPH

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23
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in the leaves of a plant, specifically the chloroplasts, even more specifically the thylakoid discs

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24
Q

What is found in chloroplasts?

A

-stroma, a fluid
-grana, stacks of thylakoids

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25
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

a membranous disk that contain chlorophyll

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26
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

a green pigment that captures light for photosynthesis

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27
Q

Where can pigment in the leaves of the plant be found?

A

In the membrane of chloroplasts

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28
Q

What are pigments in a plant?

A

they are molecules that can absorb light energy and have a variety of colors

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29
Q

What are the 2 things needed to convert CO2 to sugar

A

Energy and Electron

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30
Q

What is NADPH?

A

A biological carrier of electrons (an electron shuttle)

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31
Q

What are the 2 forms of a electron shuttle?

A

NADP+ (oxidized form) & NADPH (reduced form)

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32
Q

What are the products of Light rxns?

A

ATP and NADPH

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33
Q

How do light rxns work?

A

The convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2

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34
Q

How does the Calvin cycle work?

A

It assembles sugar molecules from CO2, using products of light reactions

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35
Q

What are Carotenoids?

A

A plants accessory pigment
ex: red/orange-reflects red and absorbs blue/green

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36
Q

What happens during photosystem II

A

Light excites an electron from the chlorophyll a pair, which passes to the primary electron acceptor. The electron sent away is replaced by splitting water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. Photosystem II generates ATP

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37
Q

what happens during photosystem I

A

The electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain. Photosystem I uses light energy to convert NADP+ to NADPH2. Photosystem I generates NADPH, and electron goes back to photosystem II

38
Q

What happens during Cellular respiration?

A

Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat

39
Q

How do we, humans and plants rely on each other?

A

Humans rely on plants for their products, O2 and other organic molecules, for energy while plants rely on humans and other heterotrophs for the products of cell respira., CO2 and H2O, for energy

40
Q

How does cellular respiration work?

A

breaks down glucose molecules and banks their energy in ATP
uses O2 & releases CO2 and H2O

41
Q

How many of our cells break down sugars for ATP production

A

Nearly every one

42
Q

Aerobic?

A

process “with oxygen”

43
Q

Anaerobic?

A

process “without oxygen”

44
Q

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Both, but usually used to refer to aerobic respiration

45
Q

How exactly do cells get energy out of cellular respiration?

A

As glucose is oxidized, it releases energy. Cells oxidize the glucose molecules

46
Q

How are the reactants oxidized in cellular respiration ?

A

by an enzyme called dehydrogenase and NAD+

47
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane?

A

Proteins

48
Q

What are the functions of membrane protein?

A

-Transport
-Enzymatic activity
-Receptors for signal transduction
-intercellular adhesion
-cell-cell recognition
-attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

49
Q

What are the 2 major types of plasma membranes?

A

Integral & Peripheral

50
Q

Integral plasma membrane?

A

made up of transmembrane proteins, has a hydrophobic region that consists of 1 or more stretches of non polar animo acids

51
Q

Peripheral plasma membrane?

A

inner and outer membrane

52
Q

What are porins?

A

A barrel protein that acts as pores in cellular membranes, allows solutes/water to pass

53
Q

What are transport protein?

A

carrier protein that move small molecules, ions, and macromolecules across biological membranes

54
Q

what are channel proteins?

A

form tunnels

55
Q

what kind of channel proteins are there?

A

-Gated- only opens in response to stimuli
-Leakage- always open

56
Q

what kind of stimuli opens a gated channel protein?

A
  1. Chemical/ Lignd Gate- lignd will bind to channel proteins and that will allow it to open
    2.Electrical/Voltage gates- change in membrane potential
    3.Mechanical gates- in response to stretch and pressure
57
Q

What do plasma membranes not allow to pass?

A

Ions and/or large polar molecules

58
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

they are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. They are primary involved w/ cell to cell recognition, one of the membranes functions

59
Q

Membrane lipid is 20% made up of..?

A

Cholesterol

60
Q

What kind of membrane is the most permeable to small, nonpolar molecules

A

Plasma membrane

61
Q

Are plasma membrane’s structure made up of the same kind and amount of lipids?

A

No, they differ in the kinds and amount of lipids they contain

62
Q

Active processes are..

A

processes that require ATP

63
Q

Passive processes are…

A

Processes that don’t require ATP

64
Q

Diffusion is..?

A

the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a cell membrane, w/o assistance

65
Q

Which way does the concentration gradient go, high-low or low-high?

A

high to low

66
Q

Facilitated Diffusion is..?

A

the movement of a substance through a biological membrane with the use of a channel or carrier protein; from an area of higher [] to an area of lower []

67
Q

What molecules use facilitated diffusion to be transported?

A

-transport of glucose, animo acids, and ions

68
Q

What kind of proteins are used during facilitated diffusion?

A

Transmembrane Proteins

69
Q

What kind of transmembrane protein do glucose and animo acids use to get through biological membrane?

A

Carrier protein

70
Q

What kind of transmembrane protein do ions typically use to get through biological membrane?

A

protein channel

71
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
ex:cell wall/membrane

72
Q

Tonicity refers to?

A

the comparison of solute concentration between 2 solution

73
Q

When the tonicity is Isotonic.. this implys what?

A

the solute have equal concentration, no net movement

74
Q

When the tonicity is Hypertonic.. this implys what?

A

one solute’s [] is higher than the other, [] is greater outside the cell

75
Q

when the tonicity is Hypotonic.. this implys what?

A

one solute’s [] is lower than the other, [] is lower outside the cell

76
Q

Which way does water move based on concentration ([])

A

water will always go outside the cell

77
Q

What happens when water enters an animal cell?

A

Swelling (lysis)

78
Q

What happens when water leaves the cell?

A

Shrinking (crenation)

79
Q

What happens when water enters a plant cell?

A

Increase in turgor pressure or swelling, referred to Turgid

80
Q

What happens when water leaves a plant cell?

A

Shrinking, referred to Plasmolysis

81
Q

What do active processes require, other than ATP

A

Carrier proteins

82
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of substance through a channel/carrier protein from an area of low [] to an area of high [].

83
Q

Which way according to the gradient are molecules moved in active transport?

A

low to high, against the gradient

84
Q

What kinds of pumps are used to perform Active transport?

A

1.Na/K pump (sodium and potassium
2.Proton pump

85
Q

What is Vesicular transport?

A

the transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes

86
Q

What kinds of vesicular transport are there?

A
  1. Exocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
87
Q

Exocytosis?

A

the movement of substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space; going out

88
Q

Endocytosis?

A

the helping of large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell; going in

89
Q

What are some types of endocytosis?

A

-Phagocytosis
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis

90
Q

How does exocytosis work?

A

a vesicle forms around the cells waste, vesicle then fuses with the cell membrane and the cell membrane than releases the wastes outside the cell

91
Q
A

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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