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BIO 111 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What purpose do proteins serve?

A

They carry out essentially all the important functions in our bodies
Ex: digest our food, contract our muscles, fire our neurons, and power our immune system

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2
Q

the basic building blocks of proteins, and they serve as the nitrogenous backbones for compounds like neurotransmitters and hormones are called?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

The Scientific Method?

A

A structured way of finding information about observable events in nature

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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An speculated answer to a well framed question

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5
Q

A hypothesis must be…?

A

Testable and Falsifiable

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6
Q

What are the main types of scientific inquiry?

A

-Discovery Science
-Hypothesis-based science

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7
Q

What is discovery science?

A

A scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes

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8
Q

What is hypothesis-based science?

A

A scientific inquiry based on observations made that lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called hypothesis

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9
Q

What approach does discovery science take on?

A

A observation and analysis of data based approach. Just “observe and report” style

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10
Q

What approach do hypothesis-based sciences take on?

A

Takes on a “textbook” scientific method approach, but rarely follow all the ordered steps

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11
Q

What is the difference between a Theory and Law?

A

A theory refers to when there is an overwhelming amount of evidence that supports the idea, while a law gives us a mathematical formula which we can then use to calculate and predict how something will behave each and every time

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12
Q

Types of Data?

A

-Qualitative
-Quantitative

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13
Q

Qualitative data?

A

Data described in descriptions rather than measurements

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14
Q

Quantitative data?

A

Data recorded as measurements, sometimes organized into tables and graphs

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15
Q

Biology is

A

The scientific study of life

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

-Adapation
-Irritability
-Reproduction
-Growth & Development
-Utilization of Energy
-Homeostasis

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17
Q

Zoology refers to?

A

the study of animals

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18
Q

Botany refers to?

A

the study of plants

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19
Q

Mycology refers to?

A

the study of fungi

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20
Q

Protistology refers to?

A

the study of protists

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21
Q

Bacteriology refers to?

A

the study of bacteria

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22
Q

Virology refers to?

A

the study of viruses

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23
Q

Cytology refers to?

A

the study of cells

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24
Q

Histology refers to?

A

the study of tissues

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25
Q

Anatomy refers to?

A

the study of the body’s structure

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26
Q

Physiology refers to?

A

the study of the body’s function

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27
Q

Pathology refers to?

A

the study of disease

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28
Q

The order of the Hierarchical organization of life?

A

Biosphere -> Ecosystems -> Communities -> Populations -> Organisms -> Organ Systems -> Organs -> Tissue -> Cells -> Organelles -> molecules and atoms

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29
Q

If you know the structure of something…

A

you start to make reasonable estimates to what it’s function is, vice versa

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30
Q

What is a system, biologically speaking

A

a combination of components that work/function together

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31
Q

What are the 3 Domains of Life?

A

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya

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32
Q

What subatomic particle is responsible for the chemical properties of an atom?

A

the Electron

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33
Q

what types of chemical bonds are there?

A

1.Covalent
2.Ionic
3.Hydrogen
4.other

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34
Q

what is the strongest type of chemical bond?

A

a covalent bond

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35
Q

what is the weakest type of chemical bond?

A

hydrogen or other

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36
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

by sharing 2 or more electrons between 2 or more elements

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37
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

the measure of the drawing power/affinity for electrons

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38
Q

What 2 atoms have the highest electronegativity and ones to pay attention to?

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen, they will win every “tug of war”

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39
Q

Which 2 atoms have an even electronegativity?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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40
Q

Non-polar covalent bond?

A

when 2 atoms share their electrons equally

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41
Q

Polar covalent bond?

A

when electrons are shared between 2 atoms unequally

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42
Q

Ionic bonds are..?

A

the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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43
Q

What are ions?

A

charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

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44
Q

What kind of appearance do ionic bonds create?

A

They form crystals

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45
Q

Inert Elements?

A

elements that have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons

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46
Q

What is the Valence shell?

A

outermost energy level`

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47
Q

Electron shells?

A

Energy levels that surround the nucleus of atoms

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48
Q

How do bonds form?

A

by using the electrons in the outermost energy level

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49
Q

Hydrogen bonds are..?

A

incredibly weak, but essential for life

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50
Q

Chemical reactions..?

A

are the making and breaking of chemical bonds

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51
Q

Are chemical reactions reversible?

A

Yes, all of them are

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52
Q

How do we identify chemical equilibrium?

A

when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

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53
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

-High degree of Cohesion
-High surface tension
-High Specific Heat
-Heat Vaporization
-Polar solvent properties
-Reactivity

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54
Q

What is cohesion?

A

the measure of attraction that molecules in the solution will have towards each other

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55
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the measure of how difficult it is to break through the surface of a liquid

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56
Q

How are surface tension and cohesion related?

A

If molecules stick together, or have a high amount of cohesion, they will also have a high degree of surface tension; especially when it comes to water

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57
Q

Water has the ability to..?

A

form hydrogen bonds

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58
Q

Heat of vaporization is..

A

the energy it takes to go from a liquid state to a gaseous state

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59
Q

Solute is?

A

dissolved particles

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60
Q

Solvent is?

A

the dissolving medium,

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61
Q

when something is hydrophobic.. is it polar?

A

no, it is non-polar

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62
Q

when something is hydrophilic.. it is polar?

A

yes

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63
Q

Reactivity

A

an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

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64
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Saccharides or monosaccarides

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65
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

animo acids

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66
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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67
Q

Ways to test for carbohydrates?

A

1.For sugar-benedicts test
2.For starch-Lugols Test

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68
Q

How to test for proteins?

A

biuret test, requires heat

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69
Q

How to test for lipids?

A

Sudan IV

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70
Q

How do you know if the Benedict’s test came back positive?

A

lose of blue color, turns red/orange

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71
Q

How do you know if the Lugol’s Test came back positive?

A

the loss of brown color, turns blue/black

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72
Q

What 2 domains of life consist of prokaryotes?

A

Domain Bacteria & Archaea

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73
Q

What sub-disciplines/kingdoms does Domain Eukarya consist of?

A

-Kingdom Protista
-Kingdom Fungi
-Kingdom Plantae
-Kingdom Animalia

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74
Q

What are some subatomic particles?

A

-Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons

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75
Q

What is something to keep in mind that is related to the Atomic number of an element?

A

Atomic # = number of protons

76
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

77
Q

what is an element?

A

substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means

78
Q

what is a compound?

A

a substance containing 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

79
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

80
Q

what are atoms?

A

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

81
Q

What is the atomic mass of a neutron?

A

1 atomic mass unit (amu)

82
Q

What is the atomic mass of a Proton?

A

1 atomic mass unit (amu)

83
Q

What is the atomic mass of an Electron?

A

0 amu, or 1/2000 the mass of a proton

84
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

they are found orbiting the nucleus

85
Q

Where are protons and neutrons found?

A

in the nucleus

86
Q

What is important about the relation between Atomic mass # and sub-atomic particles?

A

the Mass # is = to the # of protons and neutrons

87
Q

What is a cation?

A

an ion w/ a positive charge

88
Q

What is an anion?

A

an ion w/ a negative charge

89
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms w/ the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons; saem atomic #, but diff. atomic mass

90
Q

How do electrons of an atom differ?

A

they differ in their amounts of potential energy

91
Q

What is an electron’s state of potential energy called?

A

its energy level or electron shell

92
Q

what is the Octet rule?

A

except for the 1st shell which is full w/ 2 electrons, atoms interact to ensure they have 8 electrons in their valence shell

93
Q

What are inert elements?

A

elements that have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

94
Q

How do you know is an element is a reactive one?

A

they do not have their outermost electron shell fully occupied by electrons

95
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

96
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No

97
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?

A

No

98
Q

How to distinguish eukaryotic cells?

A

by the presence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

99
Q

How does a cell’s membrane help the cell?

A

-it allows cells to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously
-compartmentalizes the interior of the cell and allows greater control

100
Q

why is carbon a basic foundation for life and found in everywhere?

A

b/c it can form 4 covalent bonds

101
Q

How are monomers strung together?

A

w/ the help of the process Dehydration synthesis

102
Q

What are the building blocks of macromolecules called?

A

monomers

103
Q

A string of monomers is called..?

A

polymers

104
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

where water molecules are removed, joining 2 monomers to form a polymer

105
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

opposite of dehydration synthesis, adding of a water molecule to split monomers

106
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the process by which the body’s cells convert food and drink into energy through chemical reactions; sum of all chemical reactions

107
Q

what is catabolism?

A

the breaking down reactions of the body

108
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the building reactions of the body

109
Q

Each nucleotide consists of what?

A

-a phosphate group
-a pentose sugar
-a nitrogeneous base

110
Q

Which way does water move in different concentrations?

A

towards the hypertonic solution

111
Q

Nuclear membrane is?

A

A selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores

112
Q

What are the inner lining protein filaments of a nuclear membrane called?

A

Nuclear lamina

113
Q

What purpose does the plasma membrane serve?

A

Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids

114
Q

What role does the plasma membrane play in cellular activity?

A

The role varies/can change; overall it protects the cell, regulates what comes in and out of the cell, allows transport, and organization of the cell

115
Q

What are nucleoi?

A

The site of ribosome subunits production and responsible for a cell’s response to stress

116
Q

Ribosomes are?

A

The site of protein synthesis

117
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

Free floating & Membrane-bound

118
Q

Free floating ribosomes

A

Make proteins that are going to stay inside the cell

119
Q

What is the default pathway for free floating ribosomes?

A

The production of cytosolic proteins, but they can also make proteins that export to peroxisomes, mitochondria, and nucleus

120
Q

Membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

synthesize proteins that are destined to be incorporated in the cell’s membrane, to be incorporated into the lysosomes, or to be exported from the cell

121
Q

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?

A

On the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

122
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Interconnected tubes made of membrane, a network inside the cell

123
Q

What 2 varieties of ER are found in the cell?

A

-Rough ER
-Smooth ER

124
Q

Rough ER?

A

Manufactures all secreted proteins and responsible for the synthesis of membrane proteins; has ribosomes on its external surface

125
Q

Smooth ER?

A

General function is lipid metabolism, catalyzes reactions in the liver and skeletal and cardiac muscle

126
Q

Golgi body

A

A stack of flat membranous sacs called cisternae

127
Q

What are the 3 areas of the golgi?

A

-cisface-located nearest to the nucleus
-medial region
-trans face-the exit

128
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

The modification and packaging of proteins

129
Q

What does the Golgi produce in an animal cell?

A

It produces lysosomes

130
Q

What does the Golgi produce in a plant cell?

A

Polysaccharides used for the cell wall

131
Q

What are secretory vesicles?

A

Tiny membrane-bound sacs that carry molecules such as proteins, hormones, or enzymes form the Golgi apparatus to the cells surface or other organelles

132
Q

What carried the products of the Golgi to their designated parts of the cell?

A

The secretory vesicles

133
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Spherical membraneous bags containing digestive enzymes

134
Q

In what kind of cells are lysosomes only found?

A

Only in animal cells; occasionally found in higher plant cells tho

135
Q

What function do lysosomes serve

A

-digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
-degrades nonfunctional organelles
-breakdown non useful tissue
-breakdown bone to release Ca2+

136
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small organelles found in cytoplasm that contain enzyme called catalase which breakdown various components

137
Q

What function do peroxisomes provide the cell?

A

-Detoxifies certain compounds by forming H2O2
-small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism.

138
Q

What does the catalase enzyme found in peroxisomes do?

A

Renders the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) harmless

139
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle responsible for the production of most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

140
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

The process which we oxidize food that we consume to get energy

141
Q

What are the substructures of the mitochondria?

A

-intermembrane space
-cristae
-matrix

142
Q

What is the intermembrane space in the mitochondria?

A

The space between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria

143
Q

What is the Cristae of the mitochondria?

A

Folds in the inner membrane that increase the surface area of the mitochondria, providing more space for biochemical function involved in cellular respiration

144
Q

What is the matrix found in the mitochondria?

A

Fluid filled portion inside the mitochondria that contains their own DNA and RNA

145
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death/suicide

146
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death because of some sort of pathology

147
Q

What is a cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

The skeleton of the cell; a dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol

148
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeletal elements?

A

-microfilaments
-intermediate filament
-microtubules

149
Q

What are microtubules?

A

tube-like structures found in the cytoplasm of a cell. they determine the overall shape of the cell and the distribution of organelles

150
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

protein fibers that are apart of a cells cytoskeleton. they’re involved w/ cell movement and cytoplasmic streaming. Very important in cytokinesis

151
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane

152
Q

What purpose do intermediate filaments serve?

A

they protect against mechanical stress and provides a scaffolding for nuclear membrane

153
Q

are intermediate filaments found in animal cells?

A

no

154
Q

what are centrioles?

A

small barrel-shaped organelles located near the nucleus

155
Q

what purpose do centrioles serve for the cell?

A

they organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

156
Q

what are a pair of centrioles called?

A

a centrosome

157
Q

what is a mitotic spindle?

A

the arrangement of microtubules

158
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

whip-like extensions of certain cells used for motion

159
Q

what is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A

A cilia is short and more numerous and move substances in one direction across the cell surface, while a flagella propels the cell

160
Q

what are basel bodies?

A

they are the anchoring structure for cilia and flagella that attach to the cell

161
Q

how are the microtubules of a cell arranged?

A

in a 9+3 arragement

162
Q

What structures do plant cells have that an animal cell don’t?

A

chloroplasts and a rigid cell wall

163
Q

What function does the cell wall provide a plant cell?

A

provides structural support and protects from osmotic changes

164
Q

Do all eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

no, all but the animalia kingdom

165
Q

What function do vacuoles provide a plant cell?

A

it has lysosomal and storage functions

166
Q

What kinds of cells are chloroplasts found in ?

A

plants and some protists

167
Q

what function do chloroplast serve a plant cell?

A

they convert solar energy to chemical energy from sugars

168
Q

what is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

a granum

169
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

disk-like structures, where photosynthesis takes place

170
Q

what is the stroma of the chloroplasts?

A

the fluid-filled portion in chloroplasts

171
Q

What are some examples of cell junctions?

A

-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap junctions
-plasmodesmata

172
Q

What are the major functions of carbohydrates?

A

-supply a source of cellular food
-to provide structural support

173
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

174
Q

What ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen is always found in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

175
Q

what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 3 carbons?

A

Triose

176
Q

what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 5 carbons?

A

Pentose

177
Q

what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 6 carbons?

A

Hexose

178
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules/compounds that contain the same atoms but are arranged differently

179
Q

what are disaccharides

A

made of 2 monosacc. joined together via dehydration synthesis-glycosidic linkage

180
Q

What 2 monosacch. form sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

181
Q

what 2 monosacch. form lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

182
Q

what 2 monosacch. form maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

183
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

made up of many monosacch. joined together, a large complex carbohydrate

184
Q

Do polysaccharides transport well in water?

A

no, they are less soluble in water

185
Q

the larger the carbohydrate,..

A

the effect of oxygen becomes less and less

186
Q

Is glycogen a polysacch. ?

A

yes, it is a polymer of glucose and is a short term storage from of energy for humans

187
Q

is starch a polysacch. ?

A

yes, it is a polymer of glucose and is a storage form used by plants

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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