Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are histones? & what is their function

A

a protein involved with gene regulation; they alter how much the DNA is exposed and how much it is coiled as well as package the DNA into chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genome?

A

an organism’s entire DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is each coil of DNA called?

A

a nucleosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell division is..?

A

the process of a cell splitting into 2 identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does cell division provide for a single-celled organism?

A

A means of asexual reproduction for single-celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does cell division provide for a multi-celled organism?

A
  1. Growth and Development for multi-celled organisms
  2. A way to repair damaged tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 major parts of Cell division?

A

Interphase and Mitotic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What ultimately happens during Interphase?

A

Where a cell’s chromosomes duplicated and cell parts are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What ultimately happens during the Mitotic phase?

A

Cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What keeps the arms of sister chromatids together?

A

Cohesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What phase does the cell spend the most time in?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the sub stages of Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What takes place in G1 subphase?

A

-the cell size increases
-increase in the # of ribosomes and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What takes place in the S subphase?

A

-DNA replication
-Histones replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is there an increase of ribosomes and mitochondria in the G1 sub phase?

A

To provide the ATP and proteins needed to replicate the DNA and Histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What takes place in the G2 sub phase?

A
  • the cell further increases in size
    -final preparations for division
    -end up with 2 copies of DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sub phases does the Mitotic phase consist of?

A

Mitosis and, optionally Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis in order?

A
  1. Prophase
    2.Metaphase
  2. Anaphase
  3. Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are cohesions separated?

A

by an enzyme called separase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart?

A

they shorten themselves by depolymerizing at the kinetochore ends and pull the sister chromatids apart as they shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

at what end do the microtubules shorten?

A

at the end at which they’ve grabbed the chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What state do adults cells enter when they lose the capacity to divide?

A

G0 state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Can all cells switch from in and out of G0 state?

A

No, most but not all
ex: nerve and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Binary fission?

A

how prokaryotic organisms divide asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are autosomes?

A

chromosomes that are the same in male and female

26
Q

What are haploids?

A

a cell that contains one set of chromosomes (n)-23

27
Q

What are diploids?

A

a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)-46

28
Q

What are autosomal recessive disorders?

A

Disorders that requires both alleles to be inherited from parents for the trait to be expressed

29
Q

What are Autosomal dominant disorders?

A

Disorders that take 1 out of 2 alleles to be inherited for the trait to be expressed

30
Q

Sex-Linked traits

A

Traits that are usually inherited from the female

31
Q

Why are sex-linked almost always traits carried/passed on from the female?

A

b/c males only give a Y and only have one X, while females have 2 X’s, therefore more often than not we will see the sex linked trait being passed on by the X

32
Q

What kinds of mutations do we see?

A
  • some beneficial; evolution
  • some neutral; blue eyes
  • some harmful; cancer
33
Q

what kind of mutation effect do we usually see?

A

Neutral mutations are the most common b/c of the probability, we have much more “junk DNA”

34
Q

What kinds of “breaks” can we see in chromosomes sequence?

A
  1. Deletion
    2.Duplication
  2. Inversion
  3. Translocation
35
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

when a pair of chromatids do not separate during mitosis or meiosis?

36
Q

Aneuploidy?

A

chromosomal aberrations-chromosomes present in extra copies or deficient of

37
Q

Where are odd numbers of chromosomes usually caused

A

from problems in meiosis

38
Q

Why do somatic chromosome abnormalities occur?

A

most of the time they occur when there is a extra copy of autosomes

39
Q

what are the results of somatic chromosome abnormalities?

A

Almost always disasterous, offspring will either not be born alive or not live to adulthood

40
Q

Trisomy?

A

a chromosomal condition that resulted from an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

41
Q

Trisomy 13?

A

Patau’s syndrome- death few days after birth

42
Q

Trisomy 18?

A

Edward’s syndrome- death usually in a few months and affects almost every body organ

43
Q

Trisomy 21?

A

Down syndrome- chances increase the older the parent

44
Q

How do you detect chromosomal abnormalities?

A

performing a karyotype

45
Q

Ways to perform a karyotype?

A
  • aminocentesis
    -CVS (chorionic villus sampling)
46
Q

Which is more severe; Nondisjunction w/ the sex chromosomes or nondisjunction w/ the autosomes

A

Autosomes

47
Q

Who did modern genetics began with?

A

Gregor Mendel

48
Q

Alleles?

A

an alternate molecular form of a gene

49
Q

Phenotype?

A

the way an organism’s physical appearance is expressed

50
Q

Genotype?

A

an organisms genetic makeup

51
Q

What is a progeny?

A

Offspring

52
Q

Monohybrid Cross?

A

the offspring of 2 individuals that differ based off one gene/trait inherited

53
Q

What is incomplete dominance in genetics?

A

Whenever there is not dominant allele so they merge

54
Q

Codominance in genetics?

A

when we have more than one dominant allele
ex: blood typing

55
Q

Epistasis?

A

when an unrelated gene modifies the phenotype expression of another gene

56
Q

Pleiotropy?

A

when one gene alters the expression of 2 of more traits

57
Q

Polygenic Inheritance?

A

when a trait is controlled by multiple genes and/or influenced by the environment
ex: intelligence, height, and skin color

58
Q

What is Mendel’s Theory of Independent Assortment?

A

that alleles of different genes are inherited independently during sexual reproduction. This means that the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not affect the allele it receives for another gene. As a result, every possible combination of alleles for each gene is equally likely to occur.

59
Q

Dihybrid cross?

A

a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits

60
Q
A

BIO 111 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions