Module 4 Flashcards
What are the structures of the heart?
- Chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and the left ventricle
- Valves: ensure unidirectional blood flow
- Input vessels: Inferior and superior vena cava and pulmonary vein
- Output vessels: aorta and the pulmonary artery
What does the contraction of the heart do?
Causes energy in the blood to form pressure which causes the blood to flow
Note: contraction=systaloe
Relaxation=diastole
- cardiac muscle is also called myocardium
Wh at are the different functions of all the types of blood vessels?
- Aorta-brings oxygenated blood out to the body
- Arteries distribute the blood
- Arterioles regulated blood flow/pressure
- Capillaries exchange gases
- Venues exchange and collect gases
- Veins bring the deoxygenated blood back toward the heart
- Vena cava collects the blood from the heart
What are arterioles?
Artirioles regulaet the flow of blood.
When they contract resistance increases and relax resistance decreases.
What is the relationship between resistance and blood flow?
If resistance decreases blood pressure increases
If resistance increases blood pressure decreases.
WHat is the role of blood in the body?
- Carry nutrients
- Carry oxygen to muscles and organs
- Remove any waste
- Ensure clotting to heal wounds
- Temperature regulation-by controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction
What are the different parts of the respiratory system?
- Conducting zone: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
- Respiratory zone: lungs, alveoli
Ventilation vs Respiration
Ventilation: mechanical movement or air in and out
At rest-inhalation=diaphragm and external intercostals
Exhalation=passive (diaphragm relaxes)
During exercise- in=diaphragm, externals intercostals and accessory
Ex=active(abs and intercostals)
Respiration: exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
What are the different types of measurement for heart rate and cardiovascular health?
- Heart rate: Manual, smart watches( optical sensors), ECG, PPG (uses infrared light to detect the volume of blood in the microvasculature ( arterioles and capillaries)
- BP, systolic=pressure of blood during contraction, diastolic=pressure of blood during relaxation
What is VO2?
The volume of oxygen consumed by the whole body in the process of ATP production
2 types:
1- absolute: measured in L/min or mL/min
2- relative: measured in mL/Kg/min (allows comparison between people
WHat is the flick equation?
VO2= heart rate x stroke volume x (a-v)
HR-Heart rate
SV-stroke volume
(A-v) is arterial and venous difference of oxygen concentration, arterial will have a higher oxygen concentrations and venous will have a lower oxygen concentration
Cardiac output=volume of blood ejected from the heart (HR x SV)
What is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen consumed per unit time
- absolute=L/min
-relative=mL/Kg/min
VO2 max will decline with age no matter how healthy you are, but the decrease can be slowed or lessened when aerobic training is done
WHat is bioenergetics?
Study of transformation of energy in living things
Uses atp in critical cellular work
ATP is the most of the cells energy source
ATP can be hydrolysized for energy to be used
What are the types of ATpases?
- Na, K ATPase, allows Na and K through the cell membrane
- Ca+2 ATPase allows the movement of Ca+2 through a membrane
- Myosin ATPase allows for the sliding filament theory
Wher does ATP come from?
- Glycolysis: produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm
- Pyruvate Oxidation: occurs in mitochondrial matrix
- Kerbs cycle:occurs in mitochondria and makes 1 ATP
- ETC occurs in the mitochondria makes 30-32 ATP
Note: heat is created during the production of ATP, when more ATP is used the hottter it gets and vice versa
