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Psychology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

electrochemical communication network that connects brain and spinal cord to organs, muscles, and glands

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary- sympathetic and parasympathetic)

internal organs that nerve cells reach out to

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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

deals with nerve cells, controlling muscles that you can control

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5
Q

automatic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

sympathetic

A

area of activating body for activity
reduce unnecessary areas
dilates pupil, increases heart rate, activates sweat glands, respiration, adrenaline, inhibits digestion

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7
Q

parasympathetic

A

constricts pupil, decreases heart rate, cools down sweat glands, respiration, stimulates digestion

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8
Q

brain cells

A

nerve cells and glial cells

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9
Q

nerve cells

A

building blocks of brain functions, who you are- personality and perception
more than a billion cells

babies have 1,000,000 neural connections per second, why they learn so fast
this slows into adulthood, but connections are made: 1 cell connects up to 50,000 cells

main purpose: receive, integrate, and send messages

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10
Q

nerve cell growth

A

nerve cells branch out with new and more experiences, growth of engrams, more networking and long term potentiation
multiply in size through increased growth and complexity, not number (only 1-2% grow in number)

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11
Q

neuroplasticity

A

capacity of nervous system to change in response to experience (flexibility)

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12
Q

neurogenesis

A

production of new brain cells
learning, memory, emotions, and ability to adapt
networking&raquo_space; using other networking to make up for what is gone

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13
Q

neuron structure

A

many different types depending on function and location in brain (shape, size, structure matters
ex: purkinje cell (cerebellum), association cell (thalamus)- stays within brain, short axon, axon motor neuron (spinal cord)
body and body extension

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14
Q

soma (cell body)

A

nucleus (DNA + RNA)/command function

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15
Q

dendrites

A

branches out from cell body
like the roots of a tree

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16
Q

axon

A

one extension (long) to reach spinal cord
branches out like tree trunk

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17
Q

axon bulbs/synaptic bulb/terminal button

A
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18
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

neurotransmitters carried by synaptic vesicles

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

synthesize in cell body and transport by vesicles to axon bulb

20
Q

receptor sites

A
21
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorbed and stored in vesicles

22
Q

types of neurons

A

afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons

23
Q

afferent neurons (sensory)

A

carry messages from fingers to spinal cord and brain

24
Q

efferent neurons (motor)

A

carry messages and commands from brain to muscles, glands, and organs
next to muscles, stimulate muscle actions

25
Q

interneurons

A

connect and transfer info from one neuron to another (mostly in spinal cord)
reflexes

26
Q

Glia cells

A

provide structural support to nerve cells, nutrients, insulate, remove wastes, and repair neurons
assist in learning, thinking, and memory

27
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates and increases the speed of transmission for neurons
reduce in age and get thinner into later lied
aid quick responses and learning

28
Q

communication among neurons

A

polarize state, depolarization, refractory period, and receptor effects

29
Q

ions

A

4: Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Chloride (Cl-), Anions (A-)

30
Q

polarize state

A

resting state and prepare for action (-60 to -70 millivolts)
ready for activity and action&raquo_space; polarized (charged up)
more negative than positive neurons

31
Q

depolarization

A

ions enter nerve cell
“turn on flashlight”, opening of receptor sites, ions enter in
doesn’t occur just on dendrites, occurs on axon as well and axon bulb

32
Q

threshold

A

minimum energy needed for an action potential (nerve firing)

33
Q

action potential

A

all or non response
electrical energy is activated

34
Q

refractory period

A

after action potential, a neuron resists producing another action potential
dips below resting state of -70 (-80 or -90)
hyperpolarized state, potassium-sodium pump releases positive ions

35
Q

receptor effects

A

excitatory and inhibitory

36
Q

excitatory

A

receptor sites allow positive ions to flow in, triggering an action potential

37
Q

inhibitory

A

receptor sites allow negative ions to flow in, which reduces an action potential
preventing nerve cell firing
soma gathers info to determine threshold is met for action potential

38
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins
chemical messengers that mediate behaviors (e.g., learning, anxiety)

39
Q

amino acids

A

organic compounds (e.g., food) help make proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters

40
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory (helps with movement, thinking)

41
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory (help prevent nerve cell firing)

42
Q

acetylcholine

A

regulates muscles and cognition (memory, learning, sleeping, etc.)

43
Q

dopamine

A

regulates muscles and mental disorders
too little: Parkinson’s Disease (L-dopa drug)
too much: Schizophrenia (Thorazine drug)

44
Q

serotonin

A

regulates sleeping, earing, mood, pain, and depression
too little: depression (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)
too much: hallucination

45
Q

endorphins

A

brain’s natural producing pain reducer

Psychology (9 decks)

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