Module 4 Flashcards
Seven bones of the skull
2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital
Frontal, nasal, zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, and maxillary bones, movable mandible make up the __________
Bony structure of face
Facial muscles are innervated by what two cranial nerves
CN V and CN VII
What major artery passes anterior to ear, over the temporal muscles and onto forehead
Temporal artery
paired parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands produce _____________
Saliva
3 functions of saliva
- Moisten mouth
- Inhibit dental carries
- digestion of carbohydrates
__________ glands located anterior to the ear and above mandible
Parotid
______________ glands located medial to the mandible at the angle of the jaw
Submandibular
_________________ glands located anteriorly in the floor of the mouth
Sublingual
Horizontal mobility is greatest between cervical vertebrae ___ and ___ or ___ and ____ in adults
4 and 5 or 5 and 6
The posterior triangle landmark of the neck is formed by what muscles and bones
Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid muscles, and clavicle
The____________ is the uppermost ring of the tracheal cartilages
cricoid cartilage
Largest endocrine gland of the body
Thyroid
Responsible for production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid
The __________ lobe of the thyroid is is present in about 1/3 the population
Pyramidal
In infants, the 7 cranial bones are separated by:
Sagittarius, coronal, lambdoid sutures
The membranous spaces where the cranial bones meet and intersect
Anterior and posterior fontanelles
Ossification of the sutures begins after completion of brain growth, at about _______ years of age
6
Until what point in gestation is the mothers thyroid gland the source of thyroid hormone for fetus
Second trimester
Since the pregnant mothers thyroid is the primary source of thyroid hormone in first trimester, mother should increase intake of ___________
Iodine
T or F: Thyroid size increases in pregnancy in areas of iodine deficiency but not in those with sufficient iodine
True
shortening or excessive contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Torticollis
is defined as an expression or appearance of the face and features of the head and neck that, when considered together, is characteristic of a clinical condition or syndrome
Facies
spasmodic muscular contractions of the face, head, or neck
Tics
fungal infection of the scalp
Tinea capitis
opens into the mouth next to the maxillary second molar tooth
Parotid (Stensen’s) duct
opens in a small papilla at the sides of the frenulum
submandibular duct (Wharton duct)
With the index finger and thumb of one hand on each side of the trachea below the thyroid isthmus, a tugging sensation, synchronous with the pulse, is evidence of tracheal tug sign which can indicate:
Aortic aneurysm
T or F: The thyroid gland moves with swallowing
T
Which lobe of the thyroid is usually 25% larger
Right lobe is 25% > than left
is subcutaneous edema over the presenting part of the head at delivery
Caput succedaneum
In a newborn: is a subperiosteal collection of blood and is therefore bound by the suture lines. It is commonly found in the parietal region and, unlike caput, may not be immediately obvious at birth
Cephalhematoma
T or F: cephalhematoma crosses suture lines
False; it does not cross suture lines
In newborn: skull asymmetry or a particularly flattened spot on the back or one side of the head
Plagiocephaly
In an infant, a mass over the clavicle, changing size with crying or respiration, suggests
Cycstic hygroma
A third fontanel, _______________, is located between the anterior and posterior fontanels, may be an expected variant and is common in infants with Down syndrome.
the mastoid fontanel
The anterior fontanelle should close by ____________ months of age in an infant
12-15
A snapping sensation, similar to the feeling of pressing on a ping- pong ball, indicates ______________ that may be associated with prematurity, rickets, hydrocephalus, marasmus, syphilis, or thalassemia.
Craniotabes
Cranial bruits are common in children up to 5 years of age or in children with __________
Anemia
With aging, the thyroid becomes more ___________, feeling more nodular or irregular on palpation
Fibrotic
Pain in the head
Headaches
Tumor in any of the salivary glands, but most commonly in the parotid
Salivary gland tumor
Underactive thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Which is more common: hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone is the ________________ pathophysiology for hypothyroidism
A. Primary
B. Secondary
A
insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone due to inadequate secretion of either thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus is the ________________ pathophysiology for hypothyroidism
A. Primary
B. Secondary
B
Overactive thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Skin and tissue disorder usually due to severe prolonged hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Decrease in metabolic rate, resulting in accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the dermis
Myxedema
Deposition of glycosaminoglycan in all organ systems leading to mucinous edema of facial features
Myxedema
Overactive thyroid caused by autoimmune antibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
Graves’ disease
Graves’ disease is more common in women in ________
30s and 40s
Underactive thyroid caused by autoimmune antibodies against thyroid gland
Hashimoto disease
Due to underactive thyroid caused by antibodies; Often causes hypothyroidism; More common in children and women between 30 and 50 years; Progresses slowly over a number of years
Hashimoto disease
Palpable cystic mass in the neck of a newborn/infant
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Congenital lesion formed by incomplete involution of branchial cleft
Brachial cleft cyst
Excessive contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in a newborn/infant
Torticollis (Wry Neck)
Neural tube defect with protrusions of brain and membranes that cover it through openings in the skull
Encephalocele
A problem in the formation, flow, or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which now leads to an increase in the volume of the CSF
Hydrocephalus
Circumference of head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing
Microcephaly
Premature closure of one or more cranial sutures before brain growth complete
Craniosynostosis
A direct embryologic extension on the brain
The eye
Muscles attached to the eye
4 rectus
2 oblique
Which cranial nerve connects the eye to the brain
CN II
_______ of the eye contains fat, blood vessels, nerves, and supportive connective tissue
Orbit
What provides oils to the tear film in eyelid
Meibomian glands
Provides a skeleton for the eyelid
Tarsus
located in the temporal region of the superior eyelid and produces tears that moisten the eye
Lacrimal gland
The flow of tears:
Flow over cornea and drain via the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac/duct, then into nasal meatus
The 6 eye muscles are controlled by which cranial nerves
CNS III (oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), and VI (abducens)
the oculomotor nerve controls what part of the eye
Levator palpebrae superioris (elevated and retracts upper eyelid), and all extraocular muscles, except for superior oblique and lateral rectus
Trochlear cranial nerve controls which part of the eye muscles
Superior oblique
Which cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle
Abducens nerve
Outer wall of the eye Consists of
Sclera and cornea
The middle layer of the eye is called
Uvea
The middle layer of the eye consists of
Choroid, ciliary body and iris
The inner layer of the eye that consist of nerve fibers is the
retina
the dense, avascular structure that appears anteriorly as the white of the eye. It physically supports the internal structure of the eye
Sclera
By dilating and contracting, this part of the eye controls the amount of light entering pupil to retina
Iris
Fluid that circulates between the lens and the cornea
Aqueous humor
Produces the aqueous humor and contains the muscles controlling accommodation
Ciliary body
is a pigmented, richly vascular layer that supplies oxygen to the outer layer of the retina
Choroid
biconvex, transparent structure located immediately behind the iris
Lens
What allows for the retina to focus on images of varying distance?
The elasticity of the lens and contraction/relaxation of the ciliary body changing thickness
Sensory network of the eye
Retina
Where are light impulses eventually interpreted in the brain
Cerebral cortex
The site of central vision
Macula, or fovea
Eyes develop during the first ___________ weeks of gestation, but vision which depends on the CNS takes longer
8
Typical newborn visual acuity
20/400
Adult visual acuity is achieved at what age
4 years old
Increased levels of _________ during pregnancy may cause tears to feel greasy and cause problems for contact wearers
Lysozyme
The major physiologic eye change that occurs with aging is a progressive weakening of accommodation (focusing power)
Presbyopia
Risk factors for cataract formation
- family history of cataracts
- steroid med use
- exposure to UV lights
- cigarette smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- aging
Acute infection of sebaceous glands of Zeis
Hardeola (also called stye)
chronic blockage of meibomian gland
Chalazion
What is the most common cause of isolated unilateral sixth nerve palsy
Micro-vascular disease
T or F: Retinoblastoma is an autosomal dominant disorder
T
In a pregnant patient, diplopia, scotomata, blurred vision, and amaurosis fagux symptoms are indicative of
PIH: pregnancy induced hypertension
Nocturnal eye pain in older adults if a sign of ___________ and a symptom of ____________
Subacute angle closure, glaucoma
Measurement of visual acuity/central vision tests which cranial nerve
CN II (optic)
Vision that cannot be corrected to 20/_____ is considered legal blindness
200
Monocular diplopia is a(n) ___________ problem while binocular diplopia is a(n) _______________ problem.
Optical; alignment
Handheld card used to screen “near vision”
Rosenbaum Pocket vision screener
If pt’s eyebrows are coarse or do not extend beyond the temporal canthus, the patient may have ___________
Hypothyroidism
Elevated plaque of cholesterol deposited in macrophages most commonly in the nasal portion of the upper or lower lid
Xanthelasma
Fasiculations or tremors of the eyelids is a sign of
Hyperthyroidism
When the lower lid is turned away from the eye, it is called _____________ and may result in excessive tearing
Ectropian
When the eye lid is turned inward toward the globe, a condition known as_______________
entropion
An acute suppurative inflammation of the follicle of an eyelash can cause an erythematous or yellow lump and is generally caused by a staphylococcal infection
hordeolum, or stye
Crusting along the eyelashes may represent________ which caused by bacterial infection, seborrhea, psoriasis, a manifestation of rosacea, or an allergic response
blepharitis
Condition where the closed eyelid does not cover the globe
Lagopthalmos
T or F: subconjunctival hemorrhages resolve with medications
F: they resolve spontaneously
is an abnormal growth of conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus
Pterygium
A pterygium is more common in people who have been
Heavily exposed to UV light
Which cranial nerve controls corneal sensitivity
CN V (trigeminal)
Name for eye condition where lipids deposited in the periphery of the cornea
Arcus senilis
An eye abnormality of pupillary constriction, usually less than 2 mm in diameter; can be caused by opioid abuse
Miosis
Eye abnormality of pupillary dilation, usually more than 6 mm in diameter. Can be caused by eye drops meds, lesions, hypoxia, oculomotor (CN III) damage, acute angle glaucoma, and stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines, abuse)
Mydriasis
Failure of the pupil to respond can be caused by destruction to which cranial nerve
CN III
Bilateral, miotic, irregularly shaped pupils that fail to constrict with light but retain constriction with convergence
Argyll Robertson pupil
