Module #34 - Biomedical Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical therapies

A

The treatment of psychological disorders by changing the brain’s functioning by using prescribed drugs, electro convulsive therapy, or surgery.

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2
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

The release of patients from mental hospitals into the community.

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3
Q

3 types of drug treatments

A
  1. Antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia
  2. Antianxiety medications for responding to stress
  3. Antidepressant medications for mood disorders
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4
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

A category of medications used primarily to treat schizophrenia. Drugs work by blocking dopamine.

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5
Q

Thorazine

A

One of the first antipsychotic drugs (dopamine lowering). Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, tardive dyskinesia.

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6
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

A permanent condition of muscle tremors

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7
Q

Clozaril

A

Less side effects than Thorazine but can cause damage to white blood cells therefore patients need to be tested regularly. It’s expensive but considered the most effective treatment for schizophrenia.

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8
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

A category of medication used to treat people undergoing significant stress and can be helpful in treating people with anxiety disorders.

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9
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A

A category of medications used primarily to boot serotonin levels in the brain. They can be helpful in treating major depression.
e.g. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil (classified as SSRIs)

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10
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Classification of antidepressants which work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin after it has been released.

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11
Q

Lithium

A

Medication used primarily to treat bipolar disorder.

It’s not known how or why lithium works but a large number of bipolar patients report improvement with the drug (70%).

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12
Q

Therapeutic lag

A

Antidepressants must be taken for about a month before they become effective. Depression is cyclical; can make it difficult to determine if drug is working.

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13
Q

How antidepressants work

A
  1. They affect brain neurotransmitters.
  2. They don’t work. People moods improve on the own because of the cyclical nature of depression.
  3. They work because users expect them to work (the placebo effect).
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14
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Therapy for major depression in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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15
Q

Insulin Therapy

A

Depressed patients are given an overdose of insulin to cause a convulsion. Replaced by ECT.

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16
Q

Lobotomy

A

A now-rare form of psychosurgery once used to try to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes of the brain to the deeper emotional centers.

17
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Repeated pulses of magnetic energy using magnetic fields instead of electricity, and does not produce convulsions.
Painless, treat depression with rTMS

18
Q

Deep Stimulation

A

An experimental procedure which is administered by a pacemaker that controls implanted electrodes. The stimulation inhibits activity in a brain area that feeds negative emotions and thinking.

19
Q

Trepanation

A

Process of introducing holes into the skull (treatment of epilepsy and spiritual therapy).

20
Q

Cingulotomy

A

This procedure involves passing an electrode needle through two small holes in the skull and searing tiny lesion in the cingulum (nerve fibers linking emotional center to cortex).

21
Q

Phrenology

A

Study of the structure of the skull to determine a person’s character and mental capacity.