Module 3 - thing to note from lesson questions

Question 1

smallest unit of life

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

unified cell theory

Answer 2

all living things are composed of cells // cells are basic units of life // all new cells come from existing cells

Question 3

prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

like eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and have DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. like plan cells they also have cell walls
unlike eukaryotic cells, they may have a cell capsule, and they have a single large chromosome that is not surrounded by a nuclear membrame
prokaryotes may have flagella for motility, pili for conjugation, and fimbriae for adhesion to surfaces

Question 4

eukaryotes different than prokaryotes

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, and have a membrane bound nucleus and many different organelles, where as prokaryotic cells are much less structurally comples

Question 5

what limits cell size

Answer 5

as a cell becomes larger and larger, volume increases as a faster rate than surface area. thus it comes harder and harder for the cell to transport substances across its membrane and into its interior/ this is like comparing the melting rate of crushed ice versus a block of ice

Question 6

organelle not found in the cytoplasm of the cell

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

difference between the smooth and rough ER in terms of both structure and function

Answer 7

the rough ER has ribosomes, and is thus involved in the production of proteins. the smooth ER does not have ribosomes - it is involved in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones, the detoxification of medications and poisons, and alcohol metabolism. smooth er does not make proteins

Question 8

ribsomes are formed by what structure

Answer 8

the nucleolus

Question 9

organelle involved in the producture of energy in the form of ATP

Answer 9

mitochondrion

Question 10

cellular locomotion performed by what two organelles

Answer 10

cilia and flagella

Question 11

the organelle that modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

Answer 11

the golgi apparatus

Question 12

phospholipd bilayer

Answer 12

hydrophobic tails facing inward to form a lipid barrier, hydrophilic heads facing outward toward the intracellular and extracellular fluids

Question 13

types of molecules that freely pass through the bilayer and which need help

Answer 13

lipid-based (nonpolar) molecules can freely pass through the nonpolar membrane, whereas large polar molecules, such as carbohydrates, need help via transport proteints. very small, uncharged molecules such as water oxygen, and cabon dioxide can slip between the phospholipds and thus easily cross the bilayer

Question 14

mechanisms that are passive (down the concentration gradient, no ATP required)

Answer 14

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Question 15

mechanisms that are active (up the concentration gradient, ATP is required)

Answer 15

active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis

Question 16

osmosis

Answer 16

water moves from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution. the water is what is moving not the solutes, more water available to move in the hypotonic solution, and less in the hypertonic solutino

Question 17

epithelial tissue

Answer 17

layers of cells that cover the surfaces of teh body that come into contact with the exterior world, line internal cavities, and form glands

Question 18

connective tissue

Answer 18

binds the cells and organs of the body together and performs many functions, especially in the protection, support, and integration of the body

Question 19

muscle tissue

Answer 19

reponds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, (skeletal-voluntary muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart)

Question 20

nervous tissue

Answer 20

allows the body to recieve signals and transmit information as electric impulses from one region of the body to another

Question 21

3 types of muscular tissue

Answer 21

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 22

tightly packed cells, very little material in betweem the cells, a free surface, avascular

Answer 22

epithelial

Question 23

few cells present, a lot of material between the cells, the ground substance of the matrix, presence of protein fibers

Answer 23

connective

Question 24

3 cell shapes found in epithelial cells

Answer 24

squamous (flat), cuboidal(cube), columnar (column)

Question 25

single layer of epithelial cells is called

Answer 25

simple

Question 26

a tissue with multiple layers of epithelial cells called

Answer 26

stratified

Question 27

epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder where it allows for expansion and stretching

Answer 27

transitional

Question 28

what type of tissue is blood?

Answer 28

connective

Question 29

what type of tissue describes bone?

Answer 29

connective

Question 30

example of loose connective tissue

Answer 30

adipose

Question 31

dense connective tissue

Answer 31

tendon or ligament

Question 32

type of tissue is cartilage

Answer 32

connective

Question 33

reactants for phosynthesis

Answer 33

carbon dioxide and water (also products of aerobic cellular respiration)

Question 34

products of photosynthesis

Answer 34

glucose and oxygen (reactants of aerobic cellular respiration)

Question 35

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 35

releases the energy (ATP) in the glucose bonds that had been formed by phosynhteseis

Question 36

catabolic reaction

Answer 36

breakdown of carbohydrates into short carbon chains, breakdown of triglycerides (“fats”) into fatty acids and glycerol, and breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids
these reactions occur during digestion
catabolic reactions release energy

Question 37

anabolic reaction

Answer 37

photosynthesis, where the large molecule glucose is built using smaller molecules and the energy of the sun, and the building of proteins from their smaller amino acid monomers
anabolic reactions require a larg input of energy

Question 38

what form of energy is lost during energy transformations and transfers in living systems

Answer 38

energy is lost in the form of heat
that energy loss makes living systems less ordered and more random
thus entropy is increased
heat and entropy are often considered to be one in the same
without a constant input of energy, living systems cannot remain “ordered” organisms

Question 39

chemical bonds

Answer 39

represent potential energy. when the bonds are broken during aerobic cellular respiration energy is released and can now perform work

Question 40

what do enzymes do for reactions

Answer 40

they lower the activation energy (the required energy input) so that it is easier for reactions to proceed. because they help reactions to occur they are called catalysts

Question 41

enzyme sucrase

Answer 41

the substrate, sucrose, binds to the active site of the enzyme, sucrase. sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose.

Question 42

enzymes lactase and amylase

Answer 42

the substrate lactose, binds to the active site of the enzyme, lacase. lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose. the substrate starch binds to the active site of the enzyme anylase starch is boken down into many glucose molecules

Question 43

structure of a duplicated chromosome

Answer 43

it containts two sister chromatids held together in a region called the centromere

Question 44

central dogma

Answer 44

DNA encodes RNA, which in turn encodes a protein

Question 45

transcription takes place

Answer 45

in the nucleus

Question 46

translation occurs

Answer 46

cytoplasm

Question 47

isotonic

Answer 47

remain unchanged (same)