Exam 2 - Module 5 - Lesson Answers

Question 1

red marrow function

Answer 1

red marrow is the site of blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

Question 2

yellow marrow function

Answer 2

where fat is stored

Question 3

two minerals stored in bone

Answer 3

calcium and phosphorus

Question 4

Skeletal system = supports the body (HOW)

Answer 4

the rigid yet flexible skeleton acts as a framework to support the other organs of the body

Question 5

skeletal system = facilitates movement

Answer 5

the movable joints allow the skeleton to change shape and positions: that is, move

Question 6

skeletal system = protects internal organs

Answer 6

parts of the skeleton enclose or partly enclose various organs of the body including out brain, ears, heart, and lungs

Question 7

skeletal system = produces blood cells

Answer 7

the central cavity of long bones is filled with marrow. red marrow is responsible for forming red and white blood cells

Question 8

skeletal system = stores and releases minerals and fat

Answer 8

the mineral component of bone, in addition to providing hardness to bone, provides a mineral reservoir that can be tapped as needed. additionally, the yellow marrow, which is found in the central cavity of long bones along with red marrow, serves as a storage site for fat

Question 9

flat bones found in the head

Answer 9

cranial bone (frontal, parietal, occipital, or temporal)

Question 10

flat bone found in the shoulder

Answer 10

scapula

Question 11

flat bone(s) found in the chest area

Answer 11

sternum / rib

Question 12

only two examples of short bones found in the human body

Answer 12

carpals and tarsals

Question 13

sesamoid bone found in the lower extremity

Answer 13

patella

Question 14

long bone found in the upper extremity

Answer 14

humerus, radius, ulna

Question 15

long bone found in the lower extremity

Answer 15

femur, tibia, fibula

Question 16

long bone found in the hand

Answer 16

metacarpal or phalanx

Question 17

long bone found in the foot

Answer 17

metatarsal or phlanx

Question 18

irregular bone

Answer 18

vertebra

Question 19

osteogenic cells

Answer 19

the only bone cells that do mitosis and thus are used to create more bone cells

Question 20

osteoclasts

Answer 20

multinucleated bone cells that break down bown tissue so that it can be rebuilt/remodeled

Question 21

osteoblasts

Answer 21

line the medullary cavity where they make more bone tissue

Question 22

osteocytes

Answer 22

they are osteoblasts that have become completely surrounded by bone tissue, they continue to receive nutrients via canaliculi, which connect various osteocytes to one another

Question 23

compact bone function

Answer 23

densely pack concentric rings of matrix are ideal for resisting compressive forces

Question 24

spongy bone function

Answer 24

open spaces for the trabeculated network of this bone allow it to support shifts in weight distribution

Question 25

general order of tissue development in long bone (in terms of cartilage, spongy bone, and compact bone)

Answer 25

cartilage becomes calcified, next appears spongy bone, and finally compact bone appears

Question 26

intramembranous ossification

Answer 26

bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue.
this is complete by the end of the adolescent growth spurt
the flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and a good deal of the clavicles (collarbones) are formed by this

Question 27

endochondral ossification

Answer 27

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
lasts into young adulthood
bones at the base of the skull and the long bones form by this

Question 28

single primary ossification center

Answer 28

is present during endochondral ossification, deep in the inferior of the diaphysis

Question 29

secondary ossification centers

Answer 29

present during endochondral ossification BUT they form later than single and there are two of them, one in each epiphysis

Question 30

positive effects of regular exercise on bone

Answer 30

mechanical stress causes bone to retain mineral and thus remain thicker and stronger. proper diet and regular exercies helps prevent the onset of osteoperosis

Question 31

why is vitamin d important to bone health

Answer 31

necessary for the proper absorption of calcium from the small intestine

Question 32

good plant sources for obtaining calcium

Answer 32

leafy green vegetables or broccoli

Question 33

calcitonin

Answer 33

decreases osteoclast activity, while increasing the uptake of calcium into the bone, thus decreasing the amount of calcium in the blood

Question 34

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Answer 34

increases osteoclast activity and the subsequent break down of bone, thus increasing blood calcium levels

Question 35

which major groups of bones are found in the axial skeleton

Answer 35

bones of the skull and face, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column

Question 36

name the major bones for the cranium

Answer 36

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 37

major bones of the face

Answer 37

zygomatic, nasal, maxillary, and mandible

Question 38

atlas

Answer 38

the first certical vertebra, it connects directly to the skull

Question 39

axis

Answer 39

second cervical vertebra, bony projection called the dens, on which the atlas is able to pivot such that the head can turn side to side

Question 40

regions of the vertebral column

Answer 40

cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 41

floating rib

Answer 41

one that does not connect to the sternum

Question 42

major regions of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 42

pectoral girdles, the pelvic girdles, upper extremities, lower extremities

Question 43

major bones found in the pectoral girdle

Answer 43

scapulae and clavicles

Question 44

which major bones make up the pelvic girdle

Answer 44

each hip coxal bone contains three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 45

which major bones are found in the upper extremities

Answer 45

proximal to distal (humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Question 46

which major bones are found in the lower extremities

Answer 46

demur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges