Module 3, Part 1 of 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA:

A

-genetic information of cell
-makes us who we are
-C, G, A, T
-double stranded
-pentose deoxyribose (5 C sugar)
-hardwired in nucleus

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2
Q

RNA:

A

-Messenger RNA
-Transport RNA
-Ribosomal RNA
-single stranded
-moveable copy
-C, G, A, U
-U takes T’s place
-pentose ribose (5 C sugar)

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3
Q

Messenger RNA - mRNA

A

to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

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4
Q

Transport RNA - tRNA

A

function of tRNA during protein synthesis is to bring amino acids to the ribosome

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5
Q

Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

A

reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together

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6
Q

DNA to Protein: IPAD

A

-transcription (RNA polymerase)
-mRNA exits nucleus because we don’t make proteins in nucleus, heads to cytoplasm
-free floating amino acids in cytoplasm, tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
-ribosomes incorporate amino acids into growing protein chain in 3 base pairs at a time

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7
Q

Cell Membrane Components:

A

-cholesterol: modulates the bilayer structure of biological membranes in multiple ways. It changes the fluidity, thickness, compressibility, water penetration
-phospholipids (barrier)
-protein linkers (gives structure to cell)
-channel or carrier proteins
-ion channels
-receptors
-enzymes
-cell identity markers

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8
Q

How Molecules get Across Cell Membrane:

A

-charge gradient (inside of cell is more -ve)
-simple diffusion (from high to low concentration)
-osmosis
-hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

Glycolysis:

A

-break down of glucose

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10
Q

Glycogenesis

A

-making new glycogen from glucose

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11
Q

Glycogenolysis:

A

-breakdown of glycogen to get glucose

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12
Q

Gluconeogenesis:

A

-manufacture of glucose from other substrates such as lipids and proteins

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13
Q

What do we Need to Know About Glycolysis:

A

=breakdownof glucose into energy

Glucose (6C) → (lose 2 atp) → intermediate → gain 4 atp, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvic acid (3C)
-net gain of 2 atp and 2 NADH which can be used by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to make more ATP
-pyruvate is another word for pyruvic acid

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14
Q

Aerobic:

A

-if oxygen is present, pyruvate enters mitochondria
-pyruvate dehydrogenase converts it into a 2-C acetyl group (one NADH made, CO2 removed)
-next step is to form acetyl coenzyme A
-acetylCoA can enter krebs cycle to produce E as 2atp, nadh, fadh2, co2
-atc makes 32-34 atp from each glucose molecule (H2O, CO2 as well)

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15
Q

Anaerobic

A

Anaerobic:
-H+ added to pyruvate to form lactic acid - why we get sore muscles after exercise
-no energy generated, uses NADH
-lactic acid can go into blood and be used in liver to make pyruvic acid

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16
Q

Glycogenesis: (when we have too much glucose in blood)

A

=making gylcogen
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-this process is stimulated by insulin (lack of insulin or non-responsiveness-diabetes)
-glycogen (polysaccharide) is the only form of carbs stored in the body
-this occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle
-requires hexokinase and ATP

17
Q

Glycogenolysis: (when we need ATP):

A

-glycogen in liver/muscle nis broken down to glucose
-npt an exact reverse of glycogenesis process (need phosphorylases and phosphatases)
-stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

18
Q

Gluconeogenesis: (when we have no glucose or glycogen but need energy)

A

-stimulated by cortisol (breakdown of protein into amino acids) and glucagon
-occurs if there isn’t enough glycogen
-can make pyruvic acid from lactic acid or certain amino acids
-can make an intermediate (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) from glycerol
-end result is glucose production and can then produce E from the glucose

19
Q

Gestational Diabetes:

A

-macrosomia (baby gets fat) → possible birth interventions needed
-pregnant person isn’t making enough insulin
-placental hormones increase late in pregnancy which interferes with insulin

20
Q

Lipolysis:

A

lipids stored in the adipose tissue or liver and can be oxidised to make ATP

21
Q

Lipogenesis:

A

excess calories can be stored by liver or adipose cells as lipids

22
Q

Lipolysis:
(lipid catabolism)

A

Triglycerides → (lipase) → glycerol + fatty acids
Stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

23
Q

Ketogenesis: (too much acetyl CoA)

A

-process in slides
-results in Increased H+ in blood, metabolic acidosis (pH falls), ketonuria (high ketones in urine), fruity breath, need glucose

24
Q

Lipogenesis (Lipid Anabolism):

A

-stimulated by insulin
-liver/adipose cells make lipids if we consume more calories than we need

25
Q

Protein Metabolism:

A

-insulin stimulates protein uptake by cells
-protein is not stored for future se
-liver cells can convert aa to substances that can enter krebs cycle
-this is not a good source of energy

26
Q

Module 3 in Class, slide 19

A

Ties all above concepts together

27
Q

Vitamins:

A

-co factors for enzymes
-2 classes: water soluble and lipid soluble
-lipid soluble: A, D, E, K (adek)
-lipid soluble can be stored if you have too much (beneficial or drawbacks)

28
Q

Abnormal Urine:

A

-high white blood cells → UTI, kidney infection
-high ketones → diabetes,
-blood in urine → trauma, tumour, UTI, kidney stones, menstruation
-proteinuria → pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, kidney disease
-high urobilinogen → hepatitis (liver disease), pernicious anaemia,
-high bilirubin → liver disease
-high glucose → diabetes, kidney disease
-nitrite → UTI

29
Q

Liver Functions:

A

-detox of alcohol and drugs
-bilirubin conjugation
-storage site
-fat soluble vitamin storage
-protein anabolism/catabolism