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LifeSci MEP 1 > Module 1, Part 2 of 2 > Flashcards

Module 1, Part 2 of 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

substance produced by combination of 2 or more simple substances

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2
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Breakdown of a more complex molecule into a less complex molecule

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3
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

release energy because potential E of reactant is more than that of products

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4
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

absorbs energy because potential E of reactants is less than that of products

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5
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

-decomposition reactions but in living organisms
-ex breakdown of fat for energy

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6
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

process that uses E to make complex molecules from simpler ones
(usually also synthesis and energonic too )

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7
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up chemical reaction by reducing activation E needed to get it started
–> therefore reactions dont usually occur spontaneously

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8
Q

Lactase as a Catalyst

A

lactase breaks lactose into galactose and glucose - we cant digest if we cant break it down

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9
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant.

or lysis = break

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10
Q

Moles

A

-unit of measurement
-a mole of any substance is the amount of that substance in grams that contains avogadros number
-avogadros = 6.022x10^23
-the mass of 1 mol of a substance is called the molar mass and is measured in grams/mol

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11
Q

Molarity

A

M= # of mols/litres of solution

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12
Q

Elemental Abundance

A

-96% of body = oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
-3.6% of body = calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and iron
-a.4% of body = aluminum, cobalt, copper fluorine, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc

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13
Q

Structure of Atoms

A

-smallest unit of an element
-consist of 3 subatomic particles (proton + in nucleus), neutron (neutral in nucleus), electron (negative surrounding nucleus)

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14
Q

Electron Shells
number of electrons =…

A

-similar to circles around the nucleus
-each shell can hold specific number of e-
-number of e- = number of protons
-each atom is neutral

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15
Q

Interaction of Elements

A

-an atom with a full outer electron shell is stable, and is unlikely to bond with another atom
-first shell can only have two electrons, 8, 8

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16
Q

Octet Rule

A

elements interact to produce chemically stable arrangements of 8 electrons in outer shell

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17
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons in nucleus

18
Q

Mass Number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

19
Q

Isotopes

A

-different neutrons, same electrons
-all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties (such as number of e-)
isotopes can be stable and unstable
-radioactive isotopes are unstable (nuclei spontaneously decay to a new configuration over time, emitting radiation particles)

20
Q

Benefits and Risks of Radiation

A

harmful = cancer
-radon-222 is a colourless/odourless cas as a result of uranium breakdown and is connected to lung cancer in non smokers

beneficial = medical imaging and iodine-131 to treat hyperthyroidism

21
Q

Ions

A

a particle that has a -ve or +ve charge due to unequal number of electrons compare to protons

22
Q

Ion examples

A

Cl- gained 1 electron to become stable

Ca2+ lost 2 electrons to become stable

23
Q

Free Radicals

A

-an atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell is a free radical
-they are unstable, highly reactive and destructive to tissue
-cause damage to cell membranes, DNA
-free radicals can become stable by gaining or losing electron(s)

24
Q

Free Radicals and Human Health

A

-produced by UV light from sun, xrays, during normal metabolic reactions, air pollution, cigarette smoke, alcohol and drugs
-linked to many diseases: premature aging, pre-eclampsia, fetal alcohol syndrome
-damage may be slowed with antioxidants such as vit C and E and selenium

25
Q

Table Salt

A

sodium chloride NaCl
=Na+ and Cl- attracted to each other

25
Q

Ionic Bonds in the Body

A

Ionic bonds found commonly in bones and teeth, giving them strength

25
Q

Electrolytes in Body

A

electrolytes are ionic compounds that can break into +ve and -ve ions

26
Q

Surfactant

A

mixture of phosphoplipids and lipoproteins, produced by type 2 alveolar cells in lungs

27
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy that is available to do work

28
Q

Potential Energy

A

potential energy stores in the bonds of compounds and molecules

29
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

A
30
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions occurring in the body/cell
-human metabolism is exergonic and endergonic reactions so the energy released from one can fuel the other

glucose breakdown releases energy = exergonic
that energy can contribute to building muscle and bone (endergonic)

31
Q

Anabolsim example

A

combining amino acids to make a protein molecule

anabolism and endergonic

32
Q

Reversibility of Chemical Reactions

A

if chemical bonds can be made, they can also be broken
-reversibility indicated by double sided arrow
-reactants can become products or products can become reactants

33
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

-when pH increases and there is low H+ concentration, reaction shifts right

-when pH decreases and there is H+ concentration, reaction shifts left

34
Q

Enzymes and Catalysts

A

-catalysts in living cells are called enzymes
-enzymes can only react with their specific substrate
-many vitamins are coenzymes
-riboflavin B2 is a coenzyme that plays a role in carb and protein metabolism

35
Q

Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A

inorganic compounds:
-lack carbon and are structurally simple
-may have ionic or covalent bonds
-ex. H2O, NH3

Organic compounds:
-contain carbon and usually hydrigen
-always covalent bonds
-must drugs are organic compounds

36
Q

pH

A

-measures H+ concentration
–pH is -ve log scale so when it becomes more acidic (low number). H+ conc is higher
-log scale so difference of pH 5 and 6 is 10x more H+ at pH of 5
-acidic less than 7
basic/alkaline = more than 7

37
Q

pH item examples

A

pH 0 = battery acid
pH 1 = stomach acid
pH 2 = lemon juice
pH 3 = white vinegar
pH 4 = tomato juice
pH 5 = black coffee
pH 6 = milk
pH 7 =water
pH 8 = blood
pH 9 = hand soap
pH 10 = laundry soap
pH 11 = ammonia cleaner
pH 12 = bleach
pH 13 =
pH 14 =

38
Q

Practice Mole Calculations

A

3 from week 1

39
Q

Practice

A

drawing mass number, atomic number, protons/electrons/neutrons, a bohr diagram, why we care about element

LifeSci MEP 1 (19 decks)

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