Module 1, Part 1 of 2 Flashcards
Isotope
Atom of an element but with different number of neutrons:
ex. Carbon12 has 6 neutrons, Carbon 13 has 7 neutrons
RadioIsotope
atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons, or excess energy in their nucleus.
Radiation
Can alter DNA - specifically dangerous to pregnant people as fetus’ cells are dividing rapidly as baby develops so exposure can lead to massive effects in baby
Teratology
The study of birth defects
Case Study: 10mg of Iodine-131 given to pt. with hyperthyrodism - half life of iodine-131 is 8 days, so how much is left after 24 days
1.25 mg left
10/2 (half life) then divided by 2 3 times (24 days of 8 periods so 3 times)
Element
substance composed of only 1 kind of atom that can’t be split into simpler substances
Molecule
2 or more atoms of the same element or atoms of 2 or more different elements
Compound
2 or more different elements
Diclectin
given for nausea during pregnancy
3 Types of Chemical Bonds
covalent(strongest), ionic and hydrogen bonds (weakest)
Ionic Bonds
form electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions due to gaining or losing electrons
-cation = losing electron (+)
-anion = gaining electron (-)
Covalent Bonds
result from sharing electrons –> triple bonds is stronger than sharing 1 electron
Hydrogen Bond
result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of a molecule, occur when hydrogen has a partial positive charge and is bonded to electronegative atom (N, O or F)
Electrolytes
-create action potentials
-involved in ion exchange
-affect amount of H2O in body
-blood acidity
–> calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus
-vommiting, dehydration, extreme exercise, sweating, diarrhea, alcohol, diet changes and kidney problems can alter amount of electrolytes in body
Electrolyte example: KCl
an ionic bond –> give/take electron results in +/- attraction to each other
potassium:
-major cation in cells
-necessary for many functions especially heartbeat and muscle functions
-one electron in valence shell - will lose it and become +1
chlorine:
-major anion in cells
-balances fluid in blood
-7 electrons in valence shell, will gain one and become -1
Magnesium Supplementation in Pregnancy
-regulates body temp
-maintains muscular contraction
-helps protein synthesis
-reduce pre-eclmpisa (high bp and protein in urine)
-increase birth weight
Covalent Bond Example
If nitrogen (5 valence e-) and hydrogen (1 valence e-) were to form a compound via covalent bonds, draw it.
(3 hydrogens bounded to a nitrogen)
NH3 ammonia
-polar covalent compound
Polar
one end of molecule is +ve, other end is -ve
-unequal sharing of e- (some elements are more electronegative and pull electrons towards themselves)
Cohesion
Tendency for particles to stay together
Surface Tension
Force it takes to break something apart
Alveoli
alveoli (air sacs where O2 and CO2 exchange happens)
Alveoli and Surface Tension
alveoli can sometimes collapse in newborns (respiratory distress syndrome)
-surfactant lowers surface tension so h2o molecules arent coming together and compressing outside of alveoli
-surfactant is lipids and proteins
-atelectasis = lung collapse
-The hydrophilic heads of the surfactant molecules face the aqueous layer lining the alveoli, while the hydrophobic tails face the air.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns
-alveoli collapse
-because lungs have not produced enough surfactant
-surfactant keeps lungs inflated and surface area increased
-surfactant is produced by type 2 alveolar cells
-surfactant gets in between hydrogen bonds so it takes less force to breathe and weakens surface tension
-newborns don’t have enough force to break hydrogen bonds
Number of protons
is atomic number
Neutrons =
mass-atomic number
electrons =
electrons = protons/atmoic number
