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Anatomy and Physiology Lab > Module 3 Introduction to the Skeletal System > Flashcards

Module 3 Introduction to the Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Supports and protects body
  • Movement of body
  • Storage of lipids and minerals (calcium most important)
  • Blood cell formation (through red marrow of bones)
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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

(Green in picture)

A

Bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity

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3
Q

Name the 3 parts of the axial skeleton

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral Column
  3. Thoracic cage

(green part of picture)

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4
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

(Gold in picture)

A

Bones of the limbs or appendages

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5
Q

What are the 3 major types of skeletal cartilages?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
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6
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A
  • Articular cartilages (covers ends of most bones at movable joints)
  • Costal cartilages (connect the ribs to sternum)
  • Respiratory cartilages (found in larynx and other respiratory structures)
  • Nasal cartilages (support external nose)
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7
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

External ear and epiglottis (guardian of airway)

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8
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • Intervertebral discs (pads located between vertebrae)
  • Menisci (pads located in knee joint)
  • Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly)
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9
Q

Name the 4 main groups of bones based on shape

A
  1. Short
  2. Irregular
  3. Long
  4. Flat
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10
Q

What are examples of the 4 main groups of bones based on shape?

A
  1. Short = (tarsals, carpals)
  2. Irregular= (vertebraes)
  3. Long (femur, phalanges, humerus)
  4. Flat= (sternum)
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11
Q

What do short bones look like?

A

Typically cube shaped - contain more spongy bone than compact bone

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12
Q

What do irregular bones look like?

A

Bones that do not fit the other categories (short, long, flat)

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13
Q

What do long bones look like?

A

Longer than they are wide - generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end

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14
Q

What do flat bones look like?

A

Thin with 3 wafer-like layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them

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15
Q

What do bone markings do?

A

Reveal where bones form joints with with other bones - where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed

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16
Q

What 2 main categories do bone markings fall into?

A
  1. Projections: grow out from bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints
  2. Depressions or openings: often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels
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17
Q

What are the names of the bone markings of projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment?

A
  1. Spine: sharp, slender, often pointed projection
  2. Line: narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
  3. Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only example is on femur)
  4. Process: bony prominence
  5. Tuberosity: large rounded projection, may be roughened
  6. Tubercle: small rounded projection or process
  7. Crest: narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
  8. Epicondyle: raised in area on or above a condyle
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18
Q

What are the names of the bone markings of projections that help form joints?

A
  1. Head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
  2. Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
  3. Condyle: rounded articular projection
  4. Ramus: arm like bar of bone
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19
Q

What are the names of the bone markings for passage of vessels and nerves?

A
  1. Notch: indentation at edge of a strcutre
  2. Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
  3. Foramen: round or oval opening through a bone
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20
Q

What are the names of other bone markings?

A
  1. Sinus: bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
  2. Fossa: shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
  3. Meatus: canal-like passageway
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21
Q

Identify all major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone

A
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22
Q

Identify all major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone

A
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23
Q

Locate the major parts of an osteon

A
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24
Q

Identify the interstitial lamellae, central canal, and lacuna (with osteocyte)

A
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25
Q

What is an osteon (aka “haversion canal”)?

A

Central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

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26
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae (chambers)

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27
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Concentric circles around central canal

28
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella

29
Q

Name the different types of vertibraes

A
  1. Cervical Vertibrae
  2. Thoracic Vertibrae
  3. Lumbar Vertibrae
30
Q

What’s the difference between atlas and axis?

A
31
Q

Describe cervical vertibrae

A
  • 7 vertibraes that form neck portion of vertebral column
  • First 2 are atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
  • Lightest vertibrae and vertebral foramen is triangular
  • Spinous process short, often bifurcated
32
Q

Describe thoracic vertibrae

A
  • 12 vertibraes of backbone to which the ribs are attached
  • Body is somewhat heart-shaped
  • Foramen oval or round
  • Spinous process long
33
Q

Describe lumbar vertibrae

A
  • 5 vertibraes of lower back
  • Have massive block-like bodies
  • Hatchet-shaped spinous process
34
Q

List the components of the thoracic cage

A

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages

35
Q

Discuss important differences between fetal and adult skulls

A
  • Skull bones are less ossified at birth vs complete in adulthood
  • Fetal skulls have fontanelles vs sutures in adults
36
Q

Fetal skeltons have more bones than adults. Why?

A

Because they haven’t completed ossification process

37
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Soft spots

38
Q

What are ossification centers?

A

A point where ossification of the cartilage begins

39
Q

Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle

A
40
Q

Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle in blue

A
41
Q

Describe the differences between a male and female pelvis

A

Males: heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet heart-shaped

Female: lighter, wide, subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval

42
Q

Locate the structures of the ethmoid bone

A
43
Q

Locate the structures of the sphenoid bone

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44
Q

Locate the fontanelles on the fetal skull

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45
Q

Locate the ossification centers on the fetal skull

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46
Q

Identify the structures of the thoracic cage

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Anatomy and Physiology Lab (5 decks)

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