Module 3 Introduction to the Skeletal System Flashcards
List the functions of the skeletal system
- Supports and protects body
- Movement of body
- Storage of lipids and minerals (calcium most important)
- Blood cell formation (through red marrow of bones)
What is the axial skeleton?
(Green in picture)
Bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity
Name the 3 parts of the axial skeleton
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Thoracic cage
(green part of picture)
What is the appendicular skeleton?
(Gold in picture)
Bones of the limbs or appendages
What are the 3 major types of skeletal cartilages?
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
- Articular cartilages (covers ends of most bones at movable joints)
- Costal cartilages (connect the ribs to sternum)
- Respiratory cartilages (found in larynx and other respiratory structures)
- Nasal cartilages (support external nose)
Where is elastic cartilage located?
External ear and epiglottis (guardian of airway)
Where is fibrocartilage found?
- Intervertebral discs (pads located between vertebrae)
- Menisci (pads located in knee joint)
- Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly)
Name the 4 main groups of bones based on shape
- Short
- Irregular
- Long
- Flat
What are examples of the 4 main groups of bones based on shape?
- Short = (tarsals, carpals)
- Irregular= (vertebraes)
- Long (femur, phalanges, humerus)
- Flat= (sternum)
What do short bones look like?
Typically cube shaped - contain more spongy bone than compact bone
What do irregular bones look like?
Bones that do not fit the other categories (short, long, flat)
What do long bones look like?
Longer than they are wide - generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end
What do flat bones look like?
Thin with 3 wafer-like layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them
What do bone markings do?
Reveal where bones form joints with with other bones - where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed
What 2 main categories do bone markings fall into?
- Projections: grow out from bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints
- Depressions or openings: often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels
What are the names of the bone markings of projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment?
- Spine: sharp, slender, often pointed projection
- Line: narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
- Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only example is on femur)
- Process: bony prominence
- Tuberosity: large rounded projection, may be roughened
- Tubercle: small rounded projection or process
- Crest: narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
- Epicondyle: raised in area on or above a condyle
What are the names of the bone markings of projections that help form joints?
- Head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
- Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
- Condyle: rounded articular projection
- Ramus: arm like bar of bone
What are the names of the bone markings for passage of vessels and nerves?
- Notch: indentation at edge of a strcutre
- Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
- Foramen: round or oval opening through a bone
What are the names of other bone markings?
- Sinus: bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
- Fossa: shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
- Meatus: canal-like passageway
Identify all major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone
Identify all major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone
Locate the major parts of an osteon
Identify the interstitial lamellae, central canal, and lacuna (with osteocyte)
What is an osteon (aka “haversion canal”)?
Central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells in lacunae (chambers)
What are lamellae?
Concentric circles around central canal
What are canaliculi?
Tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella
Name the different types of vertibraes
- Cervical Vertibrae
- Thoracic Vertibrae
- Lumbar Vertibrae
What’s the difference between atlas and axis?
Describe cervical vertibrae
- 7 vertibraes that form neck portion of vertebral column
- First 2 are atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
- Lightest vertibrae and vertebral foramen is triangular
- Spinous process short, often bifurcated
Describe thoracic vertibrae
- 12 vertibraes of backbone to which the ribs are attached
- Body is somewhat heart-shaped
- Foramen oval or round
- Spinous process long
Describe lumbar vertibrae
- 5 vertibraes of lower back
- Have massive block-like bodies
- Hatchet-shaped spinous process
List the components of the thoracic cage
Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages
Discuss important differences between fetal and adult skulls
- Skull bones are less ossified at birth vs complete in adulthood
- Fetal skulls have fontanelles vs sutures in adults
Fetal skeltons have more bones than adults. Why?
Because they haven’t completed ossification process
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots
What are ossification centers?
A point where ossification of the cartilage begins
Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle
Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle in blue
Describe the differences between a male and female pelvis
Males: heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet heart-shaped
Female: lighter, wide, subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval
Locate the structures of the ethmoid bone
Locate the structures of the sphenoid bone
Locate the fontanelles on the fetal skull
Locate the ossification centers on the fetal skull
Identify the structures of the thoracic cage
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