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Anatomy and Physiology Lab > Module 1 Microscope and Rat > Flashcards

Module 1 Microscope and Rat Flashcards

1
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Body erect with arms at sides and palms, head, and toes facing forward

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2
Q

Why is anatomical position important?

A

Universally accepted position - provides consistent point of reference when talking about the body

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3
Q

Define axial

A

Head, neck, trunk (vertical axis of the body)

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4
Q

Define appendicular

A

Limbs (appendages or extremities)

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5
Q

Define superior

A

Above

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6
Q

Define inferior

A

Below

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7
Q

Define anterior

A

Front

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8
Q

Define posterior

A

Back

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9
Q

Define ventral

A

Belly side

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10
Q

Define dorsal

A

Back side

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11
Q

Define medial

A

Toward the midline

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12
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from the midline

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13
Q

Define cephalad

A

Towards the head

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14
Q

Define caudal

A

Towards the tail/feet

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15
Q

Define proximal

A

Towards the head origin of a part

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16
Q

Define distal

A

Away from the head origin of a part

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17
Q

Define superficial

A

External/on the surface

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18
Q

Define deep

A

Internal/away from surface area

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19
Q

Define abdominal

A

Below ribs and above hips

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20
Q

Define acromial

A

Point of shoulder

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21
Q

Define antebrachial

A

Forearm

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22
Q

Define antecubital

A

Anterior surface of the elbow

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23
Q

Define axillary

A

Armpit

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24
Q

Define brachial

A

Arm (upper portion of the upper limb)

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25
Q

Define buccal

A

Cheek

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26
Q

Define calcaneal

A

Heel of foot

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27
Q

Define carpal

A

Wrist

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28
Q

Define cephalic

A

Head

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29
Q

Define cervical

A

Neck

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30
Q

Define coxal

A

Hip

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31
Q

Define crural

A

Leg

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32
Q

Define digital

A

Fingers or toes

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33
Q

Define femoral

A

Thigh

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34
Q

Define fibular (peroneal)

A

Side of leg

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35
Q

Define frontal

A

Forehead

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36
Q

Define gluteal

A

Buttocks

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37
Q

Define hallux

A

Great toe

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38
Q

Define inguinal

A

Groin

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39
Q

Define lumbar

A

Lower back

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40
Q

Define mammary

A

Breast

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41
Q

Define manus

A

Hand

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42
Q

Define mental

A

Chin

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43
Q

Define nasal

A

Nose

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44
Q

Define occipital

A

Back of head

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45
Q

Define olecranal

A

Back of elbow

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46
Q

Define oral

A

Mouth

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47
Q

Define orbital

A

Bony eye socket

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48
Q

Define otic

A

Ear

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49
Q

Define palmar

A

Palm of hand

50
Q

Define patellar

51
Q

Define pedal

52
Q

Define pelvic

53
Q

Define perineal

A

Between the anus and external genitalia

54
Q

Define plantar

A

Sole of foot

55
Q

Define pollex

56
Q

Define popliteal

A

Back of knee

57
Q

Define pubic

58
Q

Define sacral

A

Posterior region between hip bones

59
Q

Define scapular

A

Shoulder blade

60
Q

Define sternal

A

Breastbone

61
Q

Define sural

62
Q

Define tarsal

63
Q

Define thoracic

64
Q

Define umbillical

65
Q

Define vertebral

66
Q

What planes are being demonstrated?

67
Q

What positions are being demonstrated?

68
Q

What planes are being demonstrated?

69
Q

What are the 2 body cavities?

A

Ventral and dorsal

70
Q

What important organs are in the ventral cavity?

A
  • (Thorax) heart and lungs
  • (Abdomen) digestive organs - stomach, esophagus
  • (Pelvis) reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum

(X)= subdivision body cavity

71
Q

What important organs are in the dorsal cavity?

A
  • (Cranial) brain
  • (Vertebral/spine) spinal cord

(X)= subdivision body cavity

72
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

Thin, double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surface of organs

73
Q

What are the serous membranes and what do they do?

A
  1. Pleura= covers lungs
  2. Pericardium= covers heart
  3. Peritoneum= covers organs in abdominal cavity
74
Q

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

75
Q

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

A

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

Right lateral (lumbar) region, umbilical region, left lateral (lumbar region)

Right inguinal (iliac) region, pubic (hypogastric) region, left inguinal (iliac) region

76
Q

What organs are located in each abdominopelvic region?

A
  • Right hypochondriac region= liver and gallbladder
  • Epigastric region= stomach
  • Left hypochondriac region= diaphragm and spleen
  • Right lateral (lumbar) region= ascending colon of large intestine
  • Umbilical region= small intestine and transverse colon of large intestines
  • Left lateral (lumbar region)= descending colon of large intestines
  • Right inguinal (iliac) region=cecum and appendix
  • Pubic (hypogastric) region=urinary bladder
  • Left inguinal (iliac) region=initial part of the sigmoid colon
77
Q

Name the organ systems of the body

A

(If someone makes noise, everyone can look right down under Ricky)

  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
78
Q

What are the major components of the integumentary system and it’s function?

A
  • Skin, hair, nails
  • Protects underlying tissues and organs, regulates body temperature, produces vitamin d, excretes salts and urea
79
Q

What are the major components of the skeletal system and it’s function?

A
  • Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
  • supports body, facilitates movement, produces blood cells, bones store minerals
80
Q

What are the major components of the muscular system and it’s function?

A
  • Muscles attached to skeleton
  • Generates heat, movement by contraction (which leads to locomotion-running, walking, etc)
81
Q

What are the major components of the nervous system and it’s function?

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
  • Helps maintain homeostasis via rapid transmission of electrical signals, sensory input, response, and integration
82
Q

What are the major components of the endocrine system and it’s function?

A
  • Pituary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
  • helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, hormones exert their effect(s) onto target organs
83
Q

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system and it’s function?

A
  • Heart and blood vessels
  • propels blood through blood vessels, transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
84
Q

What are the major components of the lymphatic system and it’s function?

A
  • Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
  • cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris, houses lymphocytes that protect body from foreign substances, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
85
Q

What are the major components of the respiratory system and it’s function?

A
  • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
  • keeps blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide and contributes to acid-base balance of blood
86
Q

What are the major components of the digestive system and it’s function?

A
  • Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (and accessory structures including teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas)
  • breaks down ingested food to smaller particles, undigested residue removed from body as feces
87
Q

What are the major components of the urinary system and it’s function?

A
  • Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra
  • Eliminates waste from body, maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
88
Q

What are the major components of the reproductive system and it’s function?

A
  • Male: testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system (carries sperm to body exterior)— function: provides gametes (sperm) for continuation of species
  • Females: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina — function: provides gametes (eggs), uterus houses developing fetus until birth, mammary glands provide nutrition for infant
89
Q

Identify the organs

90
Q

Identify the organs

91
Q

Identify the organs

92
Q

Identify the organs

93
Q

Identify the organs

94
Q

Identify the components of the microscope

95
Q

Describe the base of microscope and its function

A

Bottom of microscope, provides sturdy flat surface to support and steady microscope

96
Q

Describe the substage light of microscope and its function

A

Located in the base, light from lamp passes directly upward through microscope

97
Q

Describe the light control of microscope and its function

A

Located on base or arm, dial allows you to adjust intensity of light passing through specimen

98
Q

Describe the stage of microscope and its function

A

Platform that slide rests on while being viewed, stage has a hole in it to allow light to pass through stage and through specimen

99
Q

Describe the mechanical stage of microscope and its function

A

Hold slide in position for viewing and has 2 adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of slide

100
Q

Describe the condenser of microscope and its function

A

Small nonmagnifying lens located beneath stage that concentrates light on specimen. Condenser may have a knob that raises and lowers condenser to vary light delivery. Generally, the best position is close to the inferior surface of the stage

101
Q

Describe the iris diaphragm lever of microscope and its function

A

Iris diaphragm- shutter within condenser that can be controlled by a lever to adjust amount of light passing through the condenser

Lever- can be moved to close the diaphragm and improve contrast.

If your field of view is too dark, you can open the diaphragm to let in more light

102
Q

Describe the course adjustment knob of microscope and its function

A

Knob allows you to make large adjustments to the height of the stage to initially focus your specimen

103
Q

Describe the fine adjustment knob of microscope and its function

A

Knob used for precise focusing once initial course focusing has been completed

104
Q

Describe the head of microscope and its function

A

Attached to nosepiece to support the objective lens system - it also provides for attachment of eyepieces which house ocular lenses

105
Q

Describe the arm of microscope and its function

A

Vertical portion of the microscope that connects base and head

106
Q

Describe the nosepiece of microscope and its function

A

Rotating mechanism connected to the head - generally, it carries 3 or 4 objective lenses and permits positioning of these lenses over the hole in the stage

107
Q

Describe the objective lenses of microscope and its function

A

Lenses attached to nosepiece - usually, a compound microscope has 4 objective lenses - total magnifying powers for objectives are listed in parenthesis

108
Q

Describe the ocular lens(es) of microscope and its function

A

Binocular microscopes will have 2 lenses located in eyepieces at superior end of head - most ocular lenses have a magnification power of 10x - some microscopes will have a pointer and/or reticle (micrometer), which can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens

109
Q

Define total magnification

A

Power of ocular lens x power of objective lens used

110
Q

Define resolution

A

Ability to discriminate 2 close objects as separate

111
Q

Define parfocal

A

Slide should be in focus at higher magnifications once you have properly focused at lower magnification

112
Q

Define field

A

Area you’re seeing through microscope

113
Q

Define depth of field

A

Thickness of plane that is clearly in focus

114
Q

Define working distance

A

Bottom of objective lens from surface of slide

115
Q

Identify the parts of the body

116
Q

Identify the parts of the body

117
Q

Identify the parts of the body

118
Q

Identify the parts of the body

119
Q

Identify the parts of the body

120
Q

Identify the parts of the body

121
Q

Identify the parts of the body

122
Q

Identify the parts of the body

Anatomy and Physiology Lab (5 decks)

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