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Anatomy and Physiology Lab > Module 2 Cell Anatomy, Transport, Mitosis, Histology, Integuments > Flashcards

Module 2 Cell Anatomy, Transport, Mitosis, Histology, Integuments Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

Structural and functional unit of all living things

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2
Q

Define organelle

A

“Small organs” highly organized to carry out specific functions of cell - metabolic machinery of cell

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3
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Ribosome
  • “free” in cytoplasm or bound to ER (to form rough ER)
  • makes proteins
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4
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 2 varieties - smooth and rough ER (studded with ribosomes)
  • in cytoplasm
  • Rough ER= storage and transport of proteins made on ribosomes to other cell areas
  • Smooth ER= Steroid and protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
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5
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Found close to nucleus in cytoplasm
  • packages proteins or other substances for export
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6
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Lysosomes
  • located in cytoplasm
  • digests worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter cells, capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured - “suicide sacs”
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7
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Peroxisomes
  • in cytoplasm of cell
  • detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals
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8
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • in cytoplasm
  • convert food into energy (ATP)
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9
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Centrioles
  • located close to nucleus in cytoplasm
  • direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division and produce bases of cilia and flagella
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10
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Cytoplasm
  • cell mobility
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11
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Intermediate filament
  • cytoplasm
  • structural support
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12
Q

What organelle is this?

What is it’s location?

What is it’s function?

A
  • Microtubules
  • in cytoplasm
  • help determine cell shape
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13
Q

Define interphase

A

“Pre-mitosis” - longest period - cell grows are carries it normal activities

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14
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

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15
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm - begins when mitosis is nearly complete

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16
Q

What are the stages of cell cycle and what happens in each stage?

A
  • G1 phase - growth
  • S phase - preparation for DNA replication
  • G2 phase - preparation for mitosis
  • Mitosis - cell division
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17
Q

What cells don’t undergo mitosis?

A

Skin cells, red blood cells, gut lining cells, and gametes

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18
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Early prophase
  • Late prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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19
Q

What happens during early prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses forming chromosomes

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20
Q

What happens during late prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

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21
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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22
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes break at centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite polar ends of cell

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23
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappears, chromosomes unwind into chromatin

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24
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Contractile ring forms cleavage furrow, cytoplasm divides and cell splits into 2 daughter cells

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25
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Anaphase

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26
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Early prophase

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27
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Telophase

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28
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Metaphase

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29
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Late prophase

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30
Q

Explain the importance of mitosis

A
  1. Development and growth
  2. Cell replacement
  3. Cell repairment
    4.
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31
Q

Define selective permeability

A

Plasma membrane only allows certain molecules to enter or exit cell

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32
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active: requries energy (ATP) Passive: does not require energy

Active: low to high concentration Passive: high to low concentration

Active: against gradient Passive: with gradient

Active: pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis Passive: Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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33
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

34
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Unassisted diffusion (no protein carrier molecule) of particles from high to low concentration

35
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Assisted diffusion (with protein carrier molecule) of particles from high to low concentration

36
Q

What’s the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion is passive (no ATP) and faciliated diffusion is active (ATP needed)

37
Q

Define osmosis

A

Flow of solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

38
Q

What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

A

Diffusion: high to low concentration

Osmosis: low to high concentration

39
Q

What is the %s of sheep blood?

A

5% solutes

95% water

40
Q

What are the % of human blood?

A

1% solutes

99% water

41
Q

What type of transport is osmosis?

A

Passive

42
Q

What are the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?

A

Isotonic: cells retain normal size and shape

Hypertonic: cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenate)

Hypotonic: cells take on water by osmosis and lyse (fill up and expand – then ghost cells, cells that have been blown up, occur)

43
Q

Define filtration

A

Water and solutes passing through a semi-permeable membrane from higher hydrostatic (fluid) pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

In kidneys

45
Q

Define vesicular transport

A

Movement of materials (proteins an lipids) in and out of cells though membranous sacs called vesicles

46
Q

Describe phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis= “cell-eating” – cell engulfs/ingests large particles (bacteria, cell debris, inanimate particles, food)

Pinocytosis= “cell-drinking” – cell “gulps” cell takes in substances from extracellular fluid

47
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis: specific molecules bind to surface receptors to bring substances into the cell

Exocytosis= moving substances outside cell

48
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
49
Q

What processes account for movement of substances across plasma membrane? What are their driving force?

A
  • Passive Transport= change in concentration
  • Diffusion= change in concentration
  • Osmosis= change in concentration
  • Filtration= pressure
  • Active Transport= ATP
  • Vesicular Transport= ATP
    *
50
Q

What are the passive transports?

A
  • Filtration
  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
51
Q

What way do substances move passively?

A

High to low concentration

52
Q

What were the chemical test used in lab?

A
  • Iodine test
  • Benedict’s test
  • Silver nitrate test
53
Q

The presence of what substance were we looking for in the iodine test? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?

A

Iodine test

  • testing for presence of starch
  • dark blue/black= positive
  • ice tea/brown-yellow color=negative
54
Q

The presence of what substance were we looking for in the Benedict’s test? How long do you boil solution for? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?

A

Benedict’s test

  • boil for 5 minutes
  • testing for presence of glucose
  • organge= positive
  • blue=negative
55
Q

The presence of what substance were we looking for in the silver nitrate test? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?

A

Silver nitrate test

  • test for presence of salt
  • bright white= positive
  • clear=negative/no salt
56
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types in body?

A
  1. Muscular tissue
  2. Epithelial tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Connective tissue
57
Q

What are the general functions of the 4 main tissue types of body?

A
  1. Muscular tissue= contraction for movement
  2. Epithelial tissue covering and lining
  3. Nervous tissue= internal communication and control
  4. Connective tissue= supports, protects, binds
58
Q

What are the locations of the 4 tissue types?

A

Muscular tissue= found in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

Epithelial tissue= lining lining of GI tract and skin surface

Nervous tissue= brain, spinal cord, nerves

Connective tissue= fat, bone, tendons

59
Q

List several important functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Insulation
  3. Temperature regulation
  4. Prevents water loss
  5. Vitamin D synthesis
  6. Sense organs located on skin
60
Q

Identify the layers of the skin on microscopic picture

A
61
Q

Identify layers of epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and arrector pili muscle on model of epidermis

A
62
Q

What determines skin color?

A
  • Amount of melanin in skin
  • amount of carotene in skin
  • degree of oxygenation in blood
63
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A
  • Protect skin from damaged caused by UV radiation from sun
  • Gives skin, eyes, hair its color
64
Q

Identify the parts of the cell

A
65
Q

Identify phospholipids, protein portions of plasma membrane, sugar (carbohydrate) side chains and cholesterol molecules

A
66
Q

Locate parts of cell in illustration

A
67
Q

What are the ABCDs of moles?

A
68
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
69
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
70
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
71
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
72
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
73
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
74
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
75
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
76
Q
A
77
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
78
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
79
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
80
Q

Description, function, and location of tissue

A
81
Q

Name 3 main parts of neural tissue

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon

Anatomy and Physiology Lab (5 decks)

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