Module 2 Cell Anatomy, Transport, Mitosis, Histology, Integuments Flashcards
Define cell
Structural and functional unit of all living things
Define organelle
“Small organs” highly organized to carry out specific functions of cell - metabolic machinery of cell
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Ribosome
- “free” in cytoplasm or bound to ER (to form rough ER)
- makes proteins
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 2 varieties - smooth and rough ER (studded with ribosomes)
- in cytoplasm
- Rough ER= storage and transport of proteins made on ribosomes to other cell areas
- Smooth ER= Steroid and protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Golgi apparatus
- Found close to nucleus in cytoplasm
- packages proteins or other substances for export
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Lysosomes
- located in cytoplasm
- digests worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter cells, capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured - “suicide sacs”
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Peroxisomes
- in cytoplasm of cell
- detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Mitochondria
- in cytoplasm
- convert food into energy (ATP)
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Centrioles
- located close to nucleus in cytoplasm
- direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division and produce bases of cilia and flagella
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Microfilaments
- Cytoplasm
- cell mobility
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Intermediate filament
- cytoplasm
- structural support
What organelle is this?
What is it’s location?
What is it’s function?
- Microtubules
- in cytoplasm
- help determine cell shape
Define interphase
“Pre-mitosis” - longest period - cell grows are carries it normal activities
Define mitosis
Cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Define cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm - begins when mitosis is nearly complete
What are the stages of cell cycle and what happens in each stage?
- G1 phase - growth
- S phase - preparation for DNA replication
- G2 phase - preparation for mitosis
- Mitosis - cell division
What cells don’t undergo mitosis?
Skin cells, red blood cells, gut lining cells, and gametes
What are the stages of mitosis?
- Early prophase
- Late prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
What happens during early prophase?
Chromatin condenses forming chromosomes
What happens during late prophase?
Nuclear envelope breaks down
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
What happens during anaphase?
Chromosomes break at centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite polar ends of cell
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappears, chromosomes unwind into chromatin
What happens during cytokinesis?
Contractile ring forms cleavage furrow, cytoplasm divides and cell splits into 2 daughter cells
What stage of mitosis is this?
Anaphase
What stage of mitosis is this?
Early prophase
What stage of mitosis is this?
Telophase
What stage of mitosis is this?
Metaphase
What stage of mitosis is this?
Late prophase
Explain the importance of mitosis
- Development and growth
- Cell replacement
- Cell repairment
4.
Define selective permeability
Plasma membrane only allows certain molecules to enter or exit cell
What’s the difference between active and passive transport?
Active: requries energy (ATP) Passive: does not require energy
Active: low to high concentration Passive: high to low concentration
Active: against gradient Passive: with gradient
Active: pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis Passive: Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Define diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Define simple diffusion
Unassisted diffusion (no protein carrier molecule) of particles from high to low concentration
Define facilitated diffusion
Assisted diffusion (with protein carrier molecule) of particles from high to low concentration
What’s the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion is passive (no ATP) and faciliated diffusion is active (ATP needed)
Define osmosis
Flow of solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Diffusion: high to low concentration
Osmosis: low to high concentration
What is the %s of sheep blood?
5% solutes
95% water
What are the % of human blood?
1% solutes
99% water
What type of transport is osmosis?
Passive
What are the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?
Isotonic: cells retain normal size and shape
Hypertonic: cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenate)
Hypotonic: cells take on water by osmosis and lyse (fill up and expand – then ghost cells, cells that have been blown up, occur)
Define filtration
Water and solutes passing through a semi-permeable membrane from higher hydrostatic (fluid) pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure
Where does filtration occur?
In kidneys
Define vesicular transport
Movement of materials (proteins an lipids) in and out of cells though membranous sacs called vesicles
Describe phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Phagocytosis= “cell-eating” – cell engulfs/ingests large particles (bacteria, cell debris, inanimate particles, food)
Pinocytosis= “cell-drinking” – cell “gulps” cell takes in substances from extracellular fluid
Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: specific molecules bind to surface receptors to bring substances into the cell
Exocytosis= moving substances outside cell
What are the types of endocytosis?
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What processes account for movement of substances across plasma membrane? What are their driving force?
- Passive Transport= change in concentration
- Diffusion= change in concentration
- Osmosis= change in concentration
- Filtration= pressure
- Active Transport= ATP
- Vesicular Transport= ATP
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What are the passive transports?
- Filtration
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
What way do substances move passively?
High to low concentration
What were the chemical test used in lab?
- Iodine test
- Benedict’s test
- Silver nitrate test
The presence of what substance were we looking for in the iodine test? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?
Iodine test
- testing for presence of starch
- dark blue/black= positive
- ice tea/brown-yellow color=negative
The presence of what substance were we looking for in the Benedict’s test? How long do you boil solution for? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?
Benedict’s test
- boil for 5 minutes
- testing for presence of glucose
- organge= positive
- blue=negative
The presence of what substance were we looking for in the silver nitrate test? What colors indicate positive and negative for the substance?
Silver nitrate test
- test for presence of salt
- bright white= positive
- clear=negative/no salt
What are the 4 primary tissue types in body?
- Muscular tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Connective tissue
What are the general functions of the 4 main tissue types of body?
- Muscular tissue= contraction for movement
- Epithelial tissue covering and lining
- Nervous tissue= internal communication and control
- Connective tissue= supports, protects, binds
What are the locations of the 4 tissue types?
Muscular tissue= found in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle
Epithelial tissue= lining lining of GI tract and skin surface
Nervous tissue= brain, spinal cord, nerves
Connective tissue= fat, bone, tendons
List several important functions of the integumentary system
- Protection
- Insulation
- Temperature regulation
- Prevents water loss
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Sense organs located on skin
Identify the layers of the skin on microscopic picture
Identify layers of epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and arrector pili muscle on model of epidermis
What determines skin color?
- Amount of melanin in skin
- amount of carotene in skin
- degree of oxygenation in blood
What is the function of melanin?
- Protect skin from damaged caused by UV radiation from sun
- Gives skin, eyes, hair its color
Identify the parts of the cell
Identify phospholipids, protein portions of plasma membrane, sugar (carbohydrate) side chains and cholesterol molecules
Locate parts of cell in illustration
What are the ABCDs of moles?
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Description, function, and location of tissue
Name 3 main parts of neural tissue
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
