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Anatomy and Physiology Lab > Lab Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define

  • anatomical position - body is ___ with ___ only slightly apart, head and toes pointed ___, and arms ___ with ___ facing forward
  • axial region - includes ___, ___, and ___, it runs along ___ axis of the body
  • appendicular region - includes the ___, which are also called appendages or ___
  • superior/inferior - ___/___
  • anterior/posterior - ___/___
  • medial/lateral - ___/___
  • cephalad (cranial)/caudal - ___/___
  • ventral/dorsal - ___/___
  • proximal/distal - ___/___
  • superficial (external)/deep (internal) - ___/___
  • section -
  • plane -
  • midsagittal plane/median -
  • frontal/coronal plane -
  • transverse plane -
  • cross sections -
A

Define

  • anatomical position - body is ERECT with FEET only slightly apart, head and toes pointed FORWARD, and arms HANGING AT SIDES with PALMS facing forward
  • axial region - includes HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK, it runs along VERTICAL axis of the body
  • appendicular region - includes the LIMBS, which are also called appendages or EXTREMITIES
  • superior/inferior - ABOVE/BELOW
  • anterior/posterior - FRONT/BACK
  • medial/lateral - TOWARD THE MIDLINE/AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE
  • cephalad (cranial)/caudal - TOWARD THE HEAD/TOWARD THE TAIL
  • ventral/dorsal - BELLY SIDE/BACKSIDE
  • proximal/distal - NEAR ATTACHED END/AWAY FROM POINT OF ATTACHMENT
  • superficial (external)/deep (internal) - TOWARD OR AT BODY SURFACE/AWAY FROM BODY SURFACE
  • section - CUT
  • plane - SECTION MADE ALONG AN IMAGINARY SURFACE OR LINE
  • midsagittal plane/median - PLANE DIVING BODY INTO EQUAL LEFT AND RIGHT PARTS
  • frontal/coronal plane - DIVIDES BODY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS
  • transverse plane - DIVIDES BODY HORIZONTALLY INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PARTS
  • cross sections - ORGANS SECTIONED ALONG TRANSVERSE PLANE
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2
Q

Define

A

Define

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3
Q

Identify

A

Identify

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4
Q

Identify

A

Identify

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5
Q

Name the function of each organelle

A

Name the function of each organelle

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6
Q

Name ALL the phases of mitosis

A

Name ALL the phases of mitosis

  • Interphase
  • Early prophase
  • Late prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
    *
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7
Q

What are the 3 distinct periods of interphase? What happens during interphase?

A

What are the 3 distinct periods of interphase?

  • G1 - centrioles begin replicating
  • S - DNA is replicated
  • G2 - Final preparations for mitosis are completed and centrioles finish replicating

What happens during interphase?

cell carries out normal metabolic activities and grows

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8
Q

What happens during early prophase? Late prophase?

A

What happens during early prophase?

  • chromatin condenses

What happens during late prophase?

  • nuclear envelope breaks up (spindles interact with chromosomes)
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9
Q

What happens during metaphase? Anaphase?

A

What happens during metaphase?

  • chromosomes line up at the midline of cell

What happens during Anaphase? (Shortest phase of mitosis)

  • daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell
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10
Q

What happens during telophase? Cytokinesis?

A

What happens during telophase?

  • nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin, nucleoli reappear, spindle breaks down and disappears

Cytokinesis? (Begins in late anaphase and continues beyond telophase)

  • contractile ring of actin microfilaments forms cleavage furrow and pinches cell apart
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11
Q

Explain

  • diffusion -
  • osmosis -
  • filtration -
A

Explain

  • diffusion - MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM A REGION OF HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
  • osmosis - FLOW OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE (DOWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)
  • filtration - WATER AND SOLUTES ARE FORCED THROUGH A MEMBRANE BY HYDROSTATIC (FLUID) PRESSURE
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12
Q

What is the percentage of physiological saline?

A

What is the percentage of physiological saline?

0.9%

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13
Q

Define

  • hypertonic
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
  • lysis
  • crenation
A

Define

  • hypertonic - SOLUTION HAS HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION THAN CELL, WATER MOVES OUT THE CELL AND INTO SOLUTION
  • hypotonic - SOLUTION HAS LOWER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION THAN CELL, WATER MOVES INTO THE CELL CAUSING IT TO EXPAND IN SIZE
  • isotonic - CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE IS THE SAME INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF CELL, WATER MOVES ACROSS MEMBRANE IN BOTH DIRECTION MAINTAINING CELL SIZE
  • lysis - CELL FILLS UP, EXPANDS, AND EXPLODES
  • crenation - SHRINKAGE OF CELLS
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14
Q

General characteristics of the following tissues

  • muscular
  • epithelial
  • nervous
  • connective
A

General characteristics of the following tissues

  • muscular - CONTRACTION, PRODUCE BODY MOVEMENTS
  • epithelial - SHEET OF CELLS THAT COVERS BODY SURFACE/LINES BODY CAVITY, PROTECTION, ABSORPTION, FILTRATION, EXCRETION, SECRETION, AND SENSORY RECEPTION
  • nervous - NEUROGLIA SUPPORT CELLS THAT PROTECT, SUPPORT, AND INSULATE MORE DELICATE NEURONS, NUERONS RECIEVE STIMULI (EXCITABILITY) AND GNERATE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO SEND ALL OVER BODY (CONDUCTIVITY)
  • connective - FOUND ALL OVER BODY, MOST ABUNDANT, PROTECT, SUPPORT, INSULATE, AND BIND TOGETHER OTHER TISSUES OF BODY
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15
Q

What microscopic slide are cheek cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are cheek cells found on?

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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16
Q

What microscopic slide are stomach cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are stomach cells found on?

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

17
Q

What microscopic slide are trachea cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are trachea cells found on?

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

18
Q

What microscopic slide are bone cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are bone cells found on?

BONE SLIDE

19
Q

What microscopic slide are blood cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are blood cells found on?

BLOOD

20
Q

What microscopic slide are spinal cord cells found on?

A

What microscopic slide are spinal cord cells found on?

NERVOUS TISSUE

21
Q

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

A

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

SMOOTH MUSCLE

22
Q

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

A

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

SKELETAL MUSCLE

23
Q

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

A

What muscle type is demonstrated on the microscopic slide?

CARDIAC MUSCLE

24
Q

What type of gland is shown in the microscopic picture?

A

What type of gland is shown in the microscopic picture?

SEBACEOUS GLAND

25
Q

What type of gland is shown in the microscopic picture?

A

What type of gland is shown in the microscopic picture?

SWEAT GLAND

26
Q

What are the ABCDs of skin cancer and moles?

A

What are the ABCDs of skin cancer and moles?

  • A- assymetry. If you divide mole in half, one side looks different.
  • B- border. Can you feel it? Outer edges regular?
  • C- color. When color changes to whatever color. Lighter? White
  • D-diameter. Shouldn’t be longer than a pencil eraser.
  • E- evolution. (Have any of your moles changed in any ABCD?)
27
Q

Which bones are considered axial bones? Appendicular bones?

A

Which bones are considered axial bones? Appendicular bones?

  • axial = skull, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum - bones that lie around body’s center of gravity
  • appendicular = bones of limbs or appendages
28
Q

What are the differences between a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

A

What are the differences between a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

29
Q

Identify the bone markings of the humerus

A

Identify the bone markings of the humerus

30
Q

Identify the bone markings of the scapula

A

Identify the bone markings of the scapula

31
Q

What response does each reflex elicit?

A

What response does each reflex elicit?

Anatomy and Physiology Lab (5 decks)

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