Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nurse 3 > Module 3 HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

Module 3 HIV/AIDS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards
1
Q

Immune deficiency is acquired through what?

A
  1. Medical treatment such as chemotherapy

2. Infection from agents such as HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 forms of HIV and where is each one more common?

A
  1. HIV 1 - more common in the USA

2. HIV 2 - more common in the West Africa region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  1. Blood and blood products
  2. Seminal fluid
  3. Vaginal secretions
  4. Mother-to-child: amniotic fluid, breast milk
    NOT THROUGH CASUAL CONTACT
    first sign of defense is intact skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is HIV prevention education achieved through?

A
  1. Behavioral interventions
  2. HIV testing
  3. Linkage to treatment and care to enable those with HIV to live longer, healthier lives and to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How often should preventative HIV testing be done if someone has a partner with HIV?

A

Every 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are different behavioral interventions for HIV prevention?

A
  1. Latex condom use

2. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the pre-exposure prophylaxis medication used to prevent HIV? What does it involve? What are the side effects?

A

Truvada
Involves taking 1 pill containing 2 HIV medications daily in order to avoid the risk of sexual HIV acquisition in adults and teens 12 years and older
Side effects include decreased bone density, GI upset, and impaired kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some strategies to protect against HIV infection?

A
  1. Consistent and correct use of condoms (only latex material condoms protect against HIV)
  2. Medical male circumcision
  3. Female condom
  4. Harm reduction framework for people who inject drugs
    • free needle exchange programs
    • use of bleach to clean used needles and syringes
    • avoidance of sharing needles and syringes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are LGBT youth at a higher risk for HIV infection?

A

They take more risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent transmission of organisms?

A

Hand hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) protocols

A

Antiretroviral medications given within 72 hours of exposure (the sooner the better). 2 to 3 drugs are prescribed for 28 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the steps in the life cycle of HIV?

A
  1. Attachment/Binding
  2. Uncoating/Fusion
  3. DNA synthesis
  4. Integration
  5. Transcription
  6. Translation
  7. Cleavage
  8. Budding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs during the attachment/binding step in the HIV life cycle?

A

HIV glycoproteins bind with the host’s uninflected CD4+ receptor, which results in fusion of HIV with the CD4+ T-cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during the uncoating/fusion stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

The contents of the HIV’s viral core (2 single strands of viral RNA and 3 viral enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease) are emptied into the CD4+ T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during the DNA synthesis stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

HIV changes it’s genetic material from RNA to DNA through the use of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, resulting in double-stranded DNA that carries instruction for viral replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during the integration stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

New viral DNA enters the nucleus of the CD4+ T cell and through the action of the integrase enzyme is blended with the DNA of the CD4+ T cell, resulting in permanent, lifelong infection.
Prior to this step, the uninflected person has been only exposed to, not infected with, HIV. With this step, HIV infection is permanent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during the transcription stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

When the CD4+ T cell is activated, the double-stranded DNA forms single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA), which builds new viruses.

18
Q

What happens during the translation stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

The mRNA creates chains of new proteins and enzymes that contain the components needed in the construction of new viruses

19
Q

What happens during the cleavage stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

The HIV protease enzyme cuts the polyprotein chain into the individual proteins that make up the new virus

20
Q

What happens during the budding stage of the HIV life cycle?

A

New proteins and viral RNA migrate to the membrane of the infected CD4+ cell, exit from the cell, and start the process all over

21
Q

stages of HIV infection

A

classified in 5 stages are based off of clinical hx, physical exam, lab evidence, S&S, associated infections and malignancies

22
Q

stage 1, 2 and 3 are based on what

A

CD4 and T-lymphocyte count

23
Q

stage 1: primary/acute

A

period from infection with HIV to the development of HIV specific antibodies. Dramatic drops in CD4+ T cell counts normally 500 to 1500 cells of blood
+characterized by increase levels of viral replication, widespread dissemination of HIV throughout body + destruction of CD4 and T cells
+ the host responds to the HIV infection throughout a CD4 and T cell response that causes other immune cells to increase their killing of infected virus producing cells.

24
Q

stage 2

A

Occurs when T-lymphocytes cells are between 200 and 499.

25
Q

stage 3

A

CD4+ count drops below 200 cells of blood. Considered to have AIDS for surveillance purposes. Once at this point, the case can’t be reclassified into a less severe stage even if CD4 T-cells increase

26
Q

unknown stage

A

no information on CD4 T lymphocytes count or percentage

27
Q

gerontology consideration

A

increasing # of adult aged 50 and older have HIV/AIDS.

  • unprotected intercourse,
  • do not consider themselves at risk
  • may use IV drugs
  • may have receive HIV infected blood before 1985
  • reduction in immune system function
28
Q

3 types of HIV DX test

A
  1. antibody test- detects antibodies not HIV itself
  2. antigen/antibody test
  3. nucleic acid (RNA) test
29
Q

treatment of HIV/AIDS

A

antiretroviral therapy. overarching goal to suppress HIV replication. reduce HIV associated morbidity and prolong duration and quality of life. restore and preserve immunologic function. maximally and durably suppress plasma HIV viral load. Prevent HIV transmission.

30
Q

What are some common side effects of ART?

A

Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and osteopenia

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and MI

31
Q

How many ART drugs are used for treatment and from how many different drug classes?

A

Usually use a combination of 2-3 antiretrovirals from 2+ drug classes

32
Q

What step do reverse transcriptase inhibitors work at?

A

Step 3

33
Q

What step do protease inhibitors work at?

A

Step 6

34
Q

What step do nucleosides (NNRTI and NRTI) work at?

A

Step 3

35
Q

What step do fusion inhibitors work at?

A

Step 1

36
Q

What step do CCR5 coreceptor antagonists work at?

A

Step 1

37
Q

What step do integrase inhibitors work at?

A

Step 4

38
Q

How do we know if ART is working for a patient with HIV?

A

CD4+ count increasing between 50-150 per year with an accelerated response in the first 3 months

39
Q

What are the 2 different types of HIV transmission in children?

A

Vertical transmission: perinatal (in uterine or during birth) transmission or via breast milk… AKA mother to child
Horizontal transmission: transmission via nonsterile needles (IV drug use or tattooing) or via intimate sexual contact

40
Q

What test is used to test for HIV in infants older than 1 month?

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test

41
Q

What medication for children born to HIV mothers be on?

A

6-week course of zidovudine therapy

Nurse 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions