Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro M101A > Module 3: Gustation > Flashcards

Module 3: Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the taste buds (epiglottis)

A

CNX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the taste buds (posterior 1/3 of the tongue)

A

CN IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the taste buds (anterior 2/3 of the tongue)

A

CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where do the taste buds transmit information to

A

medulla nucleus of the solitary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what brain structures does the medulla nucleus of the solitary tract have back-and-forth connections with

A

hypothalamus and amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the hypothalamus and amygdala involved in

A

pleasure, aversion, food seeking behavior, satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does the medulla nucleus of the solitary tract project to

A

VTM of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does the VTM of thalamus project to

A

insular and frontal taste cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the insular and frontal taste cortices project to

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three subdivisions of papillae

A

fungiform (tip), foliate (sides), circumvallate (back, 8 - 10 count)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the tastes

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is CD36

A

a taste receptor localized to circumvallate and foliate papillae that binds to fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many taste buds does each papillae contain

A

1-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many taste receptors does each taste bud contain

A

50-150 taste receptor
- also contain basal cells (stem cells that create receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

type I cell function

A

support cell (glial-like function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type II cell function

A

detects sweet, umami, and bitter tastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type III cell function

A

detects sour, salt receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what neurotransmitters do type II cells release

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what neurotransmitters do type III cells release

A

serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

microvilli function

A

project to the taste pore where they are exposed to tastands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do taste receptors synapse

A

gustatory afferent axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which part of the tongue mostly senses sour

A

sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which part of the tongue mostly senses bitter

A

back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which part of the tongue mostly senses salty and sweet

A

front and sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how does the insular cortex relate to taste

A

taste receptors make connections to insular cortex, and it has different areas for each type of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which tastes do humans have an innate preference for

A

sweet, umami, and salt

27
Q

what is our threshold for detecting sour taste?

A

0.0009 M

28
Q

what is our threshold for detecting salty taste?

A

0.01 M

29
Q

what is our threshold for detecting sweet taste?

A

0.01 M

30
Q

what is our threshold for detecting bitter taste?

A

0.000008 M

31
Q

what does too much salt cause

A

high blood pressure, higher chance for cardiovascular diseases, heart attack, and stroke

32
Q

advantage of artificial sweeteners

A

less risk of obesity

33
Q

disadvantage of artificial sweeteners

A

weight gain, insulin resistance, T2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality

34
Q

what is the overview of the salty pathway

A

Na+ ions enter through amiloride-sensitive Na+ channesl

35
Q

what is the overview of the sour pathway

A

H+ enters through H+ - sensitive TRP-channel (polycystic kidney disease (PKD) variant))

36
Q

what is the overview of the sweet pathway

A

heterodimer consisting of G-protein-coupled receptors T1R2 & T1R3

37
Q

what is the overview of the umami pathway

A

T1R1 & T1R3 GPCR & TRPM5 channel (Ca2+ goes through)

38
Q

what is the overview of the bitter pathway

A

T2R (gustuducin) –> alpha –>IP3 –> TRPM5 channel w/ Ca2+

39
Q

how many taste receptors are able to detect bitter substances

A

30 taste receptors

40
Q

what does higher concentration of intracellular Ca2+ cause in a type II taste cell

A

increases activity of TRPM5 channels

41
Q

what does increased activity of TRPM5 channels do

A

increases influx of Na+, depolarizing the cell

42
Q

what results from Calhm1 and P2X receptor knockout in mice

A

loss of perception of sweet, umami, and bitter compounds

43
Q

what is STIM1

A

endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor

44
Q

what is Plc

A

phospholipase C

45
Q

what does Ca2+ do under resting conditions in Type II taste cells

A

is stored in ER; STIM1 bond with Ca & uniformly distributed within ER membrane

46
Q

what happens when Ca store is depleted

A

Ca2+ unbinds STIM1 and triggers its oligomerization and migration ==> ER membrane junctions; activation of store-operated Ca channels (SOC)

47
Q

what are the receptor proteins for sweet

A

T1R2, T1R3

48
Q

what are the receptor proteins for umami

A

T1R1, T1R3

49
Q

what are the receptor proteins for bitter

A

T2Rs

50
Q

what does KO of T1R2 do

A

loss of ability to taste sweet

51
Q

what does KO of T1R1 do

A

loss of umami taste

52
Q

what does KO of T1R3 do

A

loss of sweet and umami taste

53
Q

which cells is T2Rs expressed in

A

cells that don’t express sweet/umami receptors

54
Q

what is TRPM5 involved in

A

taste of sweet and umami

55
Q

what does KO of TRPM5 result in

A

mice don’t avoid water with quinine

56
Q

what kind of signal processing does the brain have for taste

A

labeled line coding

57
Q

can one receptor be activated by more than one tastant?

A

yes in real life, but we will assume that only one receptor can be activated by 1 tastant

58
Q

where are taste signals sent

A

gustatory axons

59
Q

where do gustatory axons project

A

brainstem

60
Q

where does brainstem project

A

thalamus

61
Q

where does thalamus project

A

cerebral cortex

62
Q

what is flavor

A

overall sensation (taste, touch, pain, and smell)

63
Q
A

Neuro M101A (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions