Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro M101A > Module 2: Cerebellum > Flashcards

Module 2: Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what do lesions of the cerebellum cause

A

disruption of coordination of limb and eye movements, impair balance, and alter muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the general function of the cerebellum

A

paying attention to sensory stimuli that help us move more efficiently and to ignore unimportant, unhelpful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the hallmark of a normal cerebellum function

A

cerebellum output decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vermis

A

middle region of the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spinocerebellum

A

the vermis plus two intermediate areas called the paravermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

two large lateral hemispheres on either side of the paravermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

flocculonodular lobe of the vestibulocerebellum

A

the smallest section of the cerebellum that looks like a bow-tie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of information does the cerebellum receive

A
  • somatosensory
  • visual
  • auditory
  • vestibular
  • proprioceptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what kind of input does the cerebellum receive

A

motor cortex, somatic sensory and secondary visual cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does the cortical cerebrocerebellar pathway relay and travel through?

A

relays in pons, goes through middle cerebellar peduncle, provides sensory info about movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do most cortical inputs synapse and enter the cerebellum

A

most synapse in the pons and enter via the middle peduncel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where do vestibular inputs to the cerebellum enter

A

through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and project to the vestibulocerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the spinal inputs to the cerebellum

A

axons from the dorsal nucleus of Clark in the spinal cord
- receive proprioceptive input from the muscle spindles and project through the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the spinocerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what inputs are referred to as mossy fibers

A

fibers from pons that enter the cerebellum through the middle peduncle + spinal and vestibular afferents entering through inferior peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the pontine mossies do

A

relay info from the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do mossies that go through the inferior peduncle do

A

send sensory information from medulla, cranial nerve 8, and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do all mossy fibers synapse?

A

granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where do granule cells connect

A

they send parallel fibers to synapse on Purkinje neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three layers of cerebellum

A

granule cell layer, purkinje cell layer, molecular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

main function of granule cell layer

A

sends axons (parallel fibers) to the dendrites of the purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

characteristics of inputs from the inferior olive

A

they are modulatory and participate in cerebellar learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where do climbing fibers come from

A

the inferior olive in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where do climbing fibers enter the cerebellum

A

through the inferior peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do climbing fibers synapse

A

directly on purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what kind of information do climbing fibers carry

A

instructive information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

characteristics of purkinje neurons

A

GABAergic, send cerebellar cortical output to the DCN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the two classes of excitatory inputs that innervate the cerebellar cortex

A

climbing fibers, and mossy fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

characteristics of mossy fibers

A

synapse on DCN and on granule cells in cerebellar cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are climbing fibers

A

inputs from inferior olive that synapse directly on Purkinjes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are mossy fibers

A

sensory inputs and inputs from motor cortex that synapse on granule cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what kind of spikes do climbing fibers display

A

complex spikes

32
Q

what kind of spikes do parallel fibers display

A

simple spikes

33
Q

what do mossy and climbing fibers have in common

A
  • both send axon collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex
  • both are excitatory inputs
34
Q

where do Purkinje cells project

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

35
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum project

A

dentate nucleu

36
Q

where does the dentate nucleus project

A

premotor cortex (motor planning)

37
Q

where does the spinocerebellum project

A

interposed and fastigial nuclei

38
Q

where do interposed and fastigial nuclei project

A

motor cortex and brainstem (motor execution)

39
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum project

A

vestibular nuclei

40
Q

where do the vestibular nuclei project

A

lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem (balance and vestibulo-ocular regulation)

41
Q

true or false: each purkinje neuron receives input from many climbing fiber

A

false

42
Q

true or false: parallel fiber firing elicits complex spikes in the Purkinje neuron

A

false

43
Q

true or false: a given Purkinje neuron receives either parallel fiber or climbing fiber input but not both

A

false

44
Q

true or false: the cerebellar cortex contains multiple somatotopic maps

A

true

45
Q

what is motor learning?

A

procedural/ trial-and-error learning

46
Q

characteristics of procedural memories

A
  • robust (like learning to ride a bike)
  • circuits involve simple reflex pathways linking sensory input to a motor output
47
Q

difference between reflex and learning

A

reflex = trying to stabilize yourself
learning = not getting off balance in the first place

48
Q

where does input from the inferior olive enter and what are they called

A

enter through the inferior peduncle and are called climbing fibers; signal motor error

49
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a type of procedurally learned behavior

50
Q

how does classical conditioning involve a reflex

A

an ‘unconditioned stimulus’ automatically produces an ‘unconditioned response’

51
Q

how does classical conditioning involve learning

A

associates a new ‘conditioned stimulus’ with the unconditional stimulus

52
Q

what is the conditioned response

A

when the conditioned stimulus triggers the response even in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

53
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s dog

A

meat

54
Q

what is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s dog

A

salivation

55
Q

what is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s dog

A

tone

56
Q

what is the conditioned response in Pavlov’s dog

A

the modified (learned) behavioral response to the conditioned stimulus after pairing

57
Q

what do complex spikes occur in response to

A

climbing fiber excitation and signal error

58
Q

what are simple spikes driven by

A

mossy fiber input and signal sensory stimuli
- mediated by AMPA receptors on the Purkinje neuron

59
Q

when is motor performance bad

A

when a novel task is introduced

60
Q

when does complex spike firing decrease

A

when learning is complete and there are no motor errors

61
Q

what is motor error

A

intended motor behavior is different from the actual motor output

62
Q

when are synapses candidates for removal

A

when sensory information coming in via simple spikes is unhelpful

63
Q

what is the marr-albus theory of motor learning

A

that the climbing fiber activity signals that a movement has failed to meet a prediction and that corrections are then made by adjusting the effectiveness of the parallel fiber inputs to the Purkinje cell

64
Q

evidence for the role of cerebellum in eyeblink conditioning

A
  • stimulation that activates mossy or climbing fibers can be effective in conditioning
  • cerebellar lesions disrupt eyeblink conditioning
65
Q

how does the purkinje cell change its response

A

synaptic plasticity

66
Q

what is long term depression caused by

A

internalization of the AMPA type glutamate receptor on postsynaptic neurons

67
Q

what happens to AMPA receptors on Purkinje cells during learning

A

they are internalized at parallel fiber synapses that were active when errors occurred

68
Q

what happens if a parallel fiber is active at the same time as the climbing fiber input to the post-synaptic purkinje neuron

A

a decrease in its ability to cause a neuron to fire will occur

69
Q

when does synaptic plasticity occur

A

only when the climbing fibers and parallel fibers co-activate the Purkinje neuron
- long term depression occurs

70
Q

what happens when there is an error

A

the Purkinje neuron is stimulated by both the climbing fiber and parallel fiber
- this activates 2nd messenger systems in the cell –> internalization of AMPA receptors

70
Q

what does long term depression at parallel fiber synapses control

A

time dependent adjustments of the eyeblink reflex

71
Q

what is the decline in simple spikes due to

A

long term depression

72
Q

what carries the unconditioned stimulus

A

the climbing fibers
- causes complex spike in Purkinje

73
Q

what carries the conditioned stimulus (tone)

A

the mossy –> parallel fibers (causes simple spikes)

74
Q
A

Neuro M101A (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions