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Neuro M101A > Module 3: Audition > Flashcards

Module 3: Audition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the contested sensory systems

A

kinesthesioception, proprioception, equilibrioception, thermoception, nociception

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2
Q

what is kinethesioception

A

sensing acceleration

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3
Q

what is proprioception

A

sensation of position

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4
Q

what is equilibrioception

A

sensation of balance

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5
Q

what is thermoception

A

sensation of temperature

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6
Q

what is nociception

A

sensation of pain

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7
Q

perception

A

the process of recognizing, interpreting, and organizing sensory information

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8
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perceptions are built from sensory input

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9
Q

top-down processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by our knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts

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10
Q

what do all sensory pathways require

A
  • a stimulus
  • a sensory receptor
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11
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

specialized cells or nerve endings of sensory neurons where sensory impulses originate

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12
Q

what is unique about sensory receptors

A

each one has an adequate stimulus that is unique to that receptor

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13
Q

what are the five main types of sensory receptors

A
  • chemoreceptors (respond to chemical ligands)
  • mechanoreceptors (respond to mechanical energy)
  • thermoreceptors (temperature)
  • nociceptors (painful stimuli)
  • photoreceptors (light)
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14
Q

what is threshold

A

strength of stimulus sufficient to stimulate a receptor

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of sensory systems

A
  • modality
  • threshold
  • location
  • duration
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16
Q

what is duration in a sensory system

A

sufficient time for stimulus to activate

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17
Q

adaptation

A

ability of sensory receptors to adjust to stimulus presence for a long period of time
- slowly response will diminish

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18
Q

what is synaesthesia

A

union of the senses; several sensory systems work in harmony together

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19
Q

graphome-color synaesthesia

A

letters and numbers are coordinated

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20
Q

lexical-gustatory synaesthesia

A

tastes and words are coordinated

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21
Q

causes of synaesthesia

A

developmental, acquired (induced by trauma, neuropathology, or stroke), pharmacological (under effects of halucinogens)

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22
Q

what path do sound waves take through the auditory system

A

sound –> pinna –> outer canal –> tympanic membrane –> vibrations of ossicles –> vibration of membrane & oval window –> cochlea –> basilar membrane moves w/ receptors (hair cells) that are activated by sound waves –> depolarization or hyperpolarization –> auditory nerve –> cochlear nuclei –> superior olive –> inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus –> primary auditory cortex

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23
Q

how do sound waves affect the air

A

causes compressed and rarified air

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24
Q

what frequencies of sound do humans detect

A

20 Hz - 20 kHz

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25
Q

what frequencies is infrasound

A

< 20 Hz

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26
Q

what frequencies is ultrasound

A

> 20 kHz

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27
Q

what is sound intensity perceived as

A

sound loudness

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28
Q

formulas fr intensity

A

energy / (time * area)

power/area

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29
Q

what is the threshold of human hearing

A

0 dB

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30
Q

why do we need three little bones in the ear?

A

it reduces pressure on oval window since the tympanic membrane is a lot bigger

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31
Q

what is the auditory canal

A

closed tube resonator, enhances sounds in 2-5 kHz

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32
Q

what kind of sounds are important for humans

A

speech, music

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33
Q

what does the middle ear consist of

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum), ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

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34
Q

how does the ear deal with amplification

A

pressure oval window is 20x > eustachian tube

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35
Q

what is the middle ear filled with, and how is it pressurized?

A

it is filled with air, and is the same pressure as outside

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36
Q

what are the cochlear muscles responsible for

A

attenuation reflex

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37
Q

how does the attenuation reflex work

A

at 70 - 90 dB the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract to accommodate for prolonged loud sounds

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38
Q

what is the cochlea filled with

A

fluid

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39
Q

what are the scala vestibuli and tympani filled with

A

perilymph

40
Q

what is the scala media filled with

A

endolymph

41
Q

how does endolymph relate to perilymph

A

endolymph electric potential 80 mV and is more positive than perilymph

42
Q

what does the stria vascularis do

A

removes potassium to scala media and takes in sodium
- active transport

43
Q

what is the shape of the cochlea

A

wide base –> narrow apex

44
Q

what is the shape of the basilar membrane

A

narrow at cochlear base –> wide at apex

45
Q

what is the function of the round window

A

allows fluid to move when the bones tap on the oval window

46
Q

where do high sound frequencies travel

A

generate a wave that travels up the apex

47
Q

where do low sound frequencies travel

A

waves vibrate closer to the cochlear base

48
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

sensory area of cochlea

49
Q

how many inner hair cells and outer hair cells are there

A

3500 inner cells (1 row) and 15000-20000 outer hair cells (3 rows)

50
Q

what surrounds the somas of hair cells

A

perilymph

51
Q

how many stereocilia do each hair cell have

A

100

52
Q

where do afferent axons project to

A

inner hair cells

53
Q

where do efferent axons project to

A

outer hair cells

54
Q

what initiates auditory transduction

A

traveling waves

55
Q

what are the two options for stereocilia’s electrical potential

A

either depolarized or hyperpolarized depending on which direction the hair cells move

56
Q

how is receptor potential generated in hair cells

A

the back and forth movement between depolarization and repolarization

57
Q

when are MET channels open

A

when the tip links (elastic filaments) joining
the stereocilia are stretched

58
Q

what does the entry of Ca through the MET channels result in

A

release of neurotransmitter

59
Q

what drives potassium through MET channels into the hair cells

A

electrical gradient

60
Q

what does the entry of potassium do

A

drives depolarization

61
Q

what is the function of outer hair cells

A

cochlear amplifier

62
Q

what do spiral ganglion cells synapse with

A

95% synapse with inner cell and 5% synapse with outer cells

63
Q

how do outer hair cells work as cochlear amplifiers

A

if a sound is not sufficient to move the basilar membrane, the brain tells the outer cells to move
- when outer hair cells expand they push against the tectorial membrane

64
Q

what happens when outer hair cells contract

A

they pull the tectorial membrane in and thus move the basilar membrane

65
Q

what function does the Prestin gene have

A

increases sensitivity to sound

66
Q

how do antibiotics affect sound sensitivity

A

reduce sound sensitivity

67
Q

what is sound intensity

A

firing rate of neurons

68
Q

what parts of the brain might be responsible for loss of hearing in one ear

A

damage to anything below superior olive

69
Q

where does the auditory pathway decussate

A

superior olive

70
Q

how is the primary auditory cortex organized

A

tonototopically

71
Q

symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

A

knows what they want to say but can’t get it out
- search for words, speak slowly

72
Q

symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

speech is incoherent and makes no sense
- have reduced understanding of spoken and written language

73
Q

what are the left hemisphere (specifically Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area) responsible for

A

speech perception and production

74
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located

A

posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus

75
Q

where is Broca’s area located

A

inferior frontal gyrus

76
Q

what is the right hemisphere mainly responsible for

A

processing of tonal stimuli and music

77
Q

ear advantage

A

infants usually prefer left ear to tones, but right for clicks
- the preference disappears with age

78
Q

what is the ventral stream

A

“what” stream: identity of sound

79
Q

what is the dorsal stream

A

“where” stream: location of sound

80
Q

steps of the first theory of localization

A
  1. sound reaches left ear 1st
  2. action potential –> medial superior olive
  3. sound reaches right ear later
  4. action potential right ear –> medial superior olive
  5. action potentials converge on medial superior olive neurons that respond strongly
81
Q

what is the function of the medial superior olive

A

coincidence detectors, responding most when excitatory signals from cochlear nuclei

82
Q

what do lateral superior olives encode

A

they encode sound through interaural intensity

83
Q

what are the steps of LSO neurons encoding sound

A
  1. stronger stimulation –> left ear excites left LSO
  2. stimulus inhibits right LSO via MNTB interneurons
  3. excitation from left side –> inhibition right side = net excitation –> higher centers
  4. inhibition from left side is greater than excitation from right side
84
Q

what is the duplex theory

A

shape of pinna allows sound to enter the ear canal

85
Q

cause of hearing loss

A

genetic, environmental (toxic sounds)

86
Q

what does conductive hearing loss entail

A

sound doesn’t get through outer ear canal –> eardrum

87
Q

possible causes of conductive hearing loss

A

fluid in middle ear, ear infection, perforation, benign tumors, earwax

88
Q

how can conductive hearing loss be corrected

A

medically/surgically

89
Q

what does sensorineural hearing loss entail

A

damage to cochlear nerve pathways or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain

90
Q

possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A

drugs, loud noise, hereditary, aging, head trauma

91
Q

can sensorineural hearing loss be corrected?

A

no

92
Q

possible corrections for sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing aid, cochlear implant (if there are no functioning hair cells with unaffected cochlea), gene therapy from stem cells

93
Q

how do cochlear implants work

A

bypass the nonfunctional or absent HCs and directly stimulate SGNs
- takes advantage of the tonotopic arrangement of the auditory organ

94
Q

how common is genetic hearing loss

A

50% of hearing loss cases are genetic

95
Q
A

Neuro M101A (9 decks)

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