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Neuro M101A > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

A

in the soma, axons, and dendrites

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2
Q

neuroepithelium significance

A

the nervous system is a modified epithelium

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3
Q

unipolar neuron main function

A

developmental

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4
Q

bipolar neuron main function

A

olfactory/retina

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5
Q

pseudounipolar neurons main function

A

primary sensory

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6
Q

multipolar neuron main function

A

pyramidal/intrerneuronal communication

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7
Q

glia main function

A

provide metabolic/mechanical support for neurons and participate in nervous system functioning

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8
Q

glia found in CNS

A

microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

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9
Q

PNS glia cells

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells

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10
Q

what is current at its essence

A

flow of charge per unit time

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11
Q

what is voltage at its essence

A

potential energy

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12
Q

what is charge at its essence

A

attractive forces

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13
Q

what is capacitance at its essence

A

separation of charge

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14
Q

variations of Ohms law

A

V = IR, G = 1/R

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15
Q

what is G

A

conductance

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16
Q

formula for conductance

A

1/R

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17
Q

how does it affect the conductance to open twice as many ion channels

A

It doubles the conductance

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18
Q

what is resistance

A

what inhibits the flow of charge (current)

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19
Q

what does a resistor that is twice as large do

A

diminishes the flow of charge by half

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20
Q

what does small capacitance mean

A

fewer charges separated

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21
Q

what does larger capacitance mean

A

more charges held

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22
Q

what is the function of a battery

A

causes electrons to flow from the negative pole to the positive pole, which is fueled by the chemical reactions going on in the battery

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23
Q

what is charge equivalent to

A

capacitance * voltage

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24
Q

what does capacitance depend on

A

the voltage built up between two charges

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25
Q

what is the difference between a battery and a capacitor?

A

battery creates charge through chemical reactions, while capacitors just store charge

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26
Q

how can you change the amount of charges available?

A

changing voltage over time or capacitance

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27
Q

how does a small cell react when you inject it with a few charges?

A

the membrane potential will increase greatly

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28
Q

how does a large cell react when injected with a few charges?

A

the membrane potential does not increase significantly

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29
Q

what is the formula for capacitative current

A

C * dV/dt

30
Q

what is the formula for resistive current

A

GV

31
Q

what is the function of capacitative current

A

closing the electric circuit

32
Q

what is the function of resistive current

A

moving the ion

33
Q

how is the current affected if there are no charges going in or out of the capacitor?

A

there is only resistive current

34
Q

what is total current

A

capacitative current plus resistive current

35
Q

biological equivalent of a resistor

A

ion channel

36
Q

biological equivalent of capacitor

A

cell membrane

37
Q

biological equivalent of a battery

A

ion transporters

38
Q

biological charges

A

ions

39
Q

what are the conditions under which resistive current is 0

A

when all ion channels are closed, or if there is no voltage difference

40
Q

why is resistive current zero if all ion channels are closed?

A

conductance (G) is zero when resistance (R) is infinity, which means that all ion channels are closed because it is infinitely resistive to current flow

41
Q

when is conductive current zero

A

when there is no change in voltage over time, or all ion channels are open

42
Q

characteristics of conventional organelles

A
  • membrane-bound, vesicle-like (each have their own membrane potential)
  • increase reaction rates by bringing stuff together
  • ‘hide’ or ‘store’ molecules
43
Q

types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

44
Q

how does simple diffusion work

A

some lipophilic compounds can just go through through the membrane

45
Q

how does facilitated diffusion work

A

ion channels; helps compounds go through

46
Q

how does active transport work

A

ATP —> ADP to burn energy required to transport stuff actively from a lower gradient to a higher gradient

47
Q

what are compounds with high permeability

A

gasses CO2, N2, O2, and very small uncharged molecules (ethanol)

48
Q

what are compounds with moderate permeability

A

water (via aquaporins if needed to move quickly), urea

49
Q

what are compounds with very low permeability

A

polar organic molecules (sugar)

50
Q

what are compounds with very low permeability

A

ions, charged polar molecules and macromolecules

51
Q

types of transmembrane proteins

A

transporter, enzyme activity, cell surface receptor (G-protein coupled receptors), cell surface identity markers, cell adhesion, attachment to the cytoskeleton

52
Q

ion channel function

A

providing passage through the membrane; most are selective in what they let pass

53
Q

what is the function of ion transporters

A

transporting molecules across the membrane against the gradient, requires energy

54
Q

uniporter main function

A

transport one thing

55
Q

symporter function

A

transport 2 things together in the same direction
- may use the energy produced by transporting with the concentration gradient to fuel the transport of the second molecule against the gradient

56
Q

antiporter main function

A

transport two things in opposite directions

57
Q

main function of Na-K ATPase

A

3Na+ and 1 ATP bind to the intracellular transporter —> ATP hydrolyzes to ADP —> conformational change in ATPase, letting 3 Na+ flow to outside —> 2 K+ flow in

58
Q

how do transporters concentrate neurotransmitters

A

each neurotransmitter has its own vesicle to be transported in and out of the terminals, using energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient

59
Q

what regulates the opening and closing of an ion channel

A

ligands and voltage

60
Q

which ion channels have ball & chain inactivation

A

sodium

61
Q

why are there multiple genes for potassium channels?

A

potassium maintains membrane potential and having more makes it harder to deviate; you want to be able to fine tune everything

62
Q

what are the similarities between voltage and patch clamp techniques?

A

both measure current across the ion channel

63
Q

differences between voltage and patch clamp techniques

A

patch clamp is on an individual ion channel level, and voltage clamp is entire current of the local membrane region

64
Q

What are single channel recordings good for?

A

characterizing molecular structures of ion channels, and investigating how pharmaceutical substances might affect an ion channel on the molecular level

65
Q

could you estimate single channel conductance from voltage clamp recordings?

A

yes, by having previous patch clamp experiments that tell you the ionic equilibrium

66
Q

what similarity do the p-loop and and S4 domains share?

A

both are positively charged

67
Q

what might lead to a faster action potential?

A

larger axon/higher conductance

68
Q

how does faster inactivation affect action potential speeds?

A

makes them shorter

69
Q

what does a shorter refractory period do to the action potential

A

higher frequency

70
Q

what property does myelination increase

A

conductance

71
Q

why is it important for myelination to increase conductance?

A

allows action potentials to travel long distances

72
Q

what symptoms does demyelination cause

A

slower, disjointed firing patterns

Neuro M101A (6 decks)

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