Module 1 Flashcards by Avery H

where does protein synthesis occur

in the soma, axons, and dendrites

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neuroepithelium significance

the nervous system is a modified epithelium

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unipolar neuron main function

developmental

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bipolar neuron main function

olfactory/retina

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pseudounipolar neurons main function

primary sensory

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multipolar neuron main function

pyramidal/intrerneuronal communication

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glia main function

provide metabolic/mechanical support for neurons and participate in nervous system functioning

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glia found in CNS

microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

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PNS glia cells

Schwann cells, satellite cells

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what is current at its essence

flow of charge per unit time

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what is voltage at its essence

potential energy

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what is charge at its essence

attractive forces

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what is capacitance at its essence

separation of charge

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variations of Ohms law

V = IR, G = 1/R

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what is G

conductance

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formula for conductance

1/R

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how does it affect the conductance to open twice as many ion channels

It doubles the conductance

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what is resistance

what inhibits the flow of charge (current)

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what does a resistor that is twice as large do

diminishes the flow of charge by half

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what does small capacitance mean

fewer charges separated

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what does larger capacitance mean

more charges held

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what is the function of a battery

causes electrons to flow from the negative pole to the positive pole, which is fueled by the chemical reactions going on in the battery

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what is charge equivalent to

capacitance * voltage

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what does capacitance depend on

the voltage built up between two charges

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what is the difference between a battery and a capacitor?

battery creates charge through chemical reactions, while capacitors just store charge

how can you change the amount of charges available?

changing voltage over time or capacitance

how does a small cell react when you inject it with a few charges?

the membrane potential will increase greatly

how does a large cell react when injected with a few charges?

the membrane potential does not increase significantly

what is the formula for capacitative current

C * dV/dt

what is the formula for resistive current

what is the function of capacitative current

closing the electric circuit

what is the function of resistive current

moving the ion

how is the current affected if there are no charges going in or out of the capacitor?

there is only resistive current

what is total current

capacitative current plus resistive current

biological equivalent of a resistor

ion channel

biological equivalent of capacitor

cell membrane

biological equivalent of a battery

ion transporters

biological charges

ions

what are the conditions under which resistive current is 0

when all ion channels are closed, or if there is no voltage difference

why is resistive current zero if all ion channels are closed?

conductance (G) is zero when resistance (R) is infinity, which means that all ion channels are closed because it is infinitely resistive to current flow

when is conductive current zero

when there is no change in voltage over time, or all ion channels are open

characteristics of conventional organelles

- membrane-bound, vesicle-like (each have their own membrane potential) - increase reaction rates by bringing stuff together - ‘hide’ or ‘store’ molecules

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

how does simple diffusion work

some lipophilic compounds can just go through through the membrane

how does facilitated diffusion work

ion channels; helps compounds go through

how does active transport work

ATP —> ADP to burn energy required to transport stuff actively from a lower gradient to a higher gradient

what are compounds with high permeability

gasses CO2, N2, O2, and very small uncharged molecules (ethanol)

what are compounds with moderate permeability

water (via aquaporins if needed to move quickly), urea

what are compounds with very low permeability

polar organic molecules (sugar)

what are compounds with very low permeability

ions, charged polar molecules and macromolecules

types of transmembrane proteins

transporter, enzyme activity, cell surface receptor (G-protein coupled receptors), cell surface identity markers, cell adhesion, attachment to the cytoskeleton

ion channel function

providing passage through the membrane; most are selective in what they let pass

what is the function of ion transporters

transporting molecules across the membrane against the gradient, requires energy

uniporter main function

transport one thing

symporter function

transport 2 things together in the same direction - may use the energy produced by transporting with the concentration gradient to fuel the transport of the second molecule against the gradient

antiporter main function

transport two things in opposite directions

main function of Na-K ATPase

3Na+ and 1 ATP bind to the intracellular transporter —> ATP hydrolyzes to ADP —> conformational change in ATPase, letting 3 Na+ flow to outside —> 2 K+ flow in

how do transporters concentrate neurotransmitters

each neurotransmitter has its own vesicle to be transported in and out of the terminals, using energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient

what regulates the opening and closing of an ion channel

ligands and voltage

which ion channels have ball & chain inactivation

sodium

why are there multiple genes for potassium channels?

potassium maintains membrane potential and having more makes it harder to deviate; you want to be able to fine tune everything

what are the similarities between voltage and patch clamp techniques?

both measure current across the ion channel

differences between voltage and patch clamp techniques

patch clamp is on an individual ion channel level, and voltage clamp is entire current of the local membrane region

What are single channel recordings good for?

characterizing molecular structures of ion channels, and investigating how pharmaceutical substances might affect an ion channel on the molecular level

could you estimate single channel conductance from voltage clamp recordings?

yes, by having previous patch clamp experiments that tell you the ionic equilibrium

what similarity do the p-loop and and S4 domains share?

both are positively charged

what might lead to a faster action potential?

larger axon/higher conductance

how does faster inactivation affect action potential speeds?

makes them shorter

what does a shorter refractory period do to the action potential

higher frequency

what property does myelination increase

conductance

why is it important for myelination to increase conductance?

allows action potentials to travel long distances

what symptoms does demyelination cause

slower, disjointed firing patterns