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Biology: lifes machinary > module 3: genetic > Flashcards

module 3: genetic Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the genome

A

the entire set of genes within a organism

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2
Q

what is ploidy

A

The ploidy is the number of copies of the gene

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3
Q

what does n represent

A

the number of copies of the genome

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4
Q

what is haploid

A

n, one copy

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5
Q

what is dipliod

A

2n, 2 copies

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6
Q

what is triploid

A

3n, 3 copies

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7
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a structure that is comprised of proteins that is amde up of highly packaged DNA or RNA, that is wrapped around histones

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8
Q

where is the telomere, short arm, long arm and centromere and sister chromatids

A
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9
Q

where is the centromere

A

in the middle of the chromosome

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10
Q

what is the function of the telemeres

A

what is the function of the telemeremaintain the integrity of the chromosomes because it is difficult to replicate the end of a chromosome, therefore telomers make sure the chromosomes do not get shorter and shorter
- located at the ends of the chromosomes

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11
Q

can genetic information consists outside of the cell

A

yes in some organelles like the chloroplasts and mitochondria carry genetic information

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12
Q

what is a gene

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the production of a specific protein or RNA molecule.

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13
Q

what is a mutation

A

A mutation when there is an error when DNA replication is occurring

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14
Q

where are the 3 checkpoints within the cell cycle

A

G1
G2
metaphase

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15
Q

what does the g1 checkpoint check

A

check to make sure the cell has grown enough, and makes sure the DNA is not damaged

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16
Q

what does the g2 checkpoint check

A

checks DNA has replicated properly and the cell size is of appropriate size

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17
Q

what does the metaphase checkpoint check

A

make sures the chromosomes are loaded onto the spindle fibres

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18
Q

what are the steps for meiosis

A
19
Q

what are the stages of meiosis

A

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. This creates genetic diversity in the gametes.
Metaphase I: Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I and cytokinesis: The cell divides into two daughter cells, each with one set of chromosomes (haploid).
Prophase II: The chromosomes condense again and a new spindle apparatus forms in each daughter cell.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align along the equator of each daughter cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II and cytokinesis: The cell divides again, resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes.

20
Q

what is an error in cell division called

A

aneupliody - where the number of chromosomes does not equal 46

21
Q

what is a locus

A

the orientation of a gene on a chromosome

22
Q

what are some factors that determine sex

A

environment
genetic

23
Q

what is a genotype

A

describes the genetic constitution of an organism

24
Q

what is a phenotype

A

describes the morphological, molecular and or behavioural properties of an organism resulting from a specific genotype and its interaction with the enviroment

25
Q

what are mendel’s 3 laws for genetics

A

1.The Law of Segregation
2. The Law of Segregation
3. The Law of Dominance

26
Q

what does The Law of Segregation state

A

Each individual has two copies of each gene, which segregate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains only one copy of each gene

27
Q

what does the The Law of Segregation state

A

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another.

28
Q

what does the third law: law of dominance state

A

In a heterozygous individual (having two different alleles for a gene), the dominant allele is expressed, while the recessive allele is masked and does not produce a visible effect.

29
Q

what is the formular for map distance

A
30
Q

what is map distance

A

Map distance is the measure of the relative distance between two genes or genetic markers on a chromosome, which is determined by the frequency of recombination events between them during meiosis.

31
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

A

A dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for two different genes, resulting in the inheritance of two different traits.

32
Q

what is an allele

A

Variants of genes that arise by mutation

33
Q

what is incomplete dominace

A

Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance pattern in which the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is an intermediate blend of the two homozygous parents, rather than one being completely dominant over the other.

  • for example a red and white flower producing a pink flower
34
Q

traits controlled by one gene are called

A

monogenic traits

35
Q

traits that are controlled by multiple genes are called

A

polygenic traits

36
Q

what do genes code for

A

proteins

37
Q

what is the negative control for gene expression

A

Negative control, results in a decrease or turning off gene transcription

38
Q

what is the positive control for gene expression

A

Positive control, results in the increase or turning on gene transcription

39
Q

what is Constitutive gene expression

A

gene expression that is expressed under all conditions

40
Q

what is regulated gene expression

A

Expressed only under certain conditions, most genes are required under certain conditions

41
Q

what happens when there there is a low concentration of lactose

A

· Lactose is absent
· Lacl is expressed
· Lacl binds to lacO
· Lacl-lacO complex blocks RNA polymerase from binding
No expression from the lacZ, lacY and lacA genes

42
Q

what happens when there is a high concentration of lactose

A

· Lactose is present
· Lacl is expressed
· Lactose (allolactose) binds to the lacl
· Lacl-allolactose complex is unable to bind to lacO
· RNA polymerase binds to lac promotor
Therefore RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the gene

43
Q

what is disjunction

A

Disjunction normally occurs during the anaphase of mitosis and meiosis (I and II). During the anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell

  • results in 2 sister chromatids in the same side of the cell=double chromosome
44
Q

what is a hox gene

A

genes conserved from insects to animals

Biology: lifes machinary (7 decks)

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