body systems: heart, lungs, reproductive systems and digestive systems Flashcards
what adaptations allow for inproved exchaged of gases
-specialized organs
-large SA:V ratio
circulatory systems
what are the 2 types of circulatory systems
- closed system
- open system
what is a closed circulatory system
Blood circulates within a network of vessels, separate from interstitial fluid.
Efficient nutrient/gas exchange and distribution of substances.
what is an open circulatory system
- Circulating fluid empties out into the body cavity
Fluid in the circulatory system is the same that in the body cavity
what are some advantages of having a closed circulatory system
-faster metabolism
- fluid is more rapid in a closed system
- control of flow-fluid is directed to the specific location
features of a fishes circulatory system
-4 chambered hear
-gas exchange with water
-low blood pressureas the vessicles are leading to the body
what is the windkessel effect
Arterial mechanism in the cardiovascular system.
Arteries store and release energy during each cardiac cycle.
Maintains continuous blood flow, reduces pressure fluctuations.
Smooths pressure pulsations, improves heart efficiency.
what are the circulatory characteristics of birds\ mammals
- 4 chamber heart
- gas exchange with air
- low blood pressure in vessicles leading to the lungs
-high blood pressure in vessicles leading to the body
what do we use to measure a cardiac cycle
ECG
a peak in ecg is when the ventricles contract and the
atria relax
what is an arteries
thick blood vessels that carry blood away from the body
what is a vein
A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart under low pressure
what is a capillary
A capillary is the smallest and thinnest blood vessel that allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.
describe the path of the blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
It moves to the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.
It flows to the left ventricle and is pumped to the body through the aorta.
This cycle repeats, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.
what is the function of the heart valve
The function of heart valves is to ensure the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart chambers. Valves prevent the backward flow of blood, maintaining the proper direction of blood flow during each phase of the cardiac cycle.
what diffuses out of capillaries
oxygen and nutrients diffuse out at lower concentrations
what diffuses into capillaries
CO2 and nitrogenous waste diffuse into them at higher concentrations
what is the equation for partial pressure
can gas exchange occur in water
yes
how can gas exchange work in water
These gases can dissolve in water, although the solubility is lower compared to their solubility in air.
however it is harder because water is more dense
what do the alveoli do
they are light tissue that fill up with air
why is the lung tissue light
to ensure the alveoli dont collapse
what increase the blood concentrations of O2 in blood
the protein haemoglobin
the haldane effect stage that
The Haldane effect states:
When hemoglobin is more saturated with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin), it has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide.
As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, which decreases its ability to bind and carry carbon dioxide.
Conversely, when hemoglobin releases oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin), it has an increased affinity for carbon dioxide, promoting its binding to hemoglobin for transport.
what molecule do muscles have to store oxygen
myoglobin
what does myoglobin do
binds to oxygen at power partial pressures to increase oxygens affinity,
How do marine mammals long air for so long
- Increased concentrations of haemoglobin
- Increased concentration of myoglobin (10x more)
- Reduce their heart rate
Reduce blood flow to organs (only to brain heart and muscles)
what does the modella do (brain)
detects changes in partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide
what are chemoreceptors
chemical receptors
where are chemoreceptors found
-modella
- carotid bodies
-aortic bodies
what determines maleness
-the pressence of the SRY protein
what determines a female
- the absense of the SRG protein
are the bi potenital gonads differentiated into male and female
no they are sex determined by the SRY protein
- for women= no SRG= overies
-more men- SRG present=tesies
what is progesterone
Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, supporting pregnancy, and has various effects on the body.
what is oestrogen
Estrogen is a group of hormones responsible for female reproductive system development, secondary sexual characteristics, and various physiological processes
what is androgen
Androgens are hormones, like testosterone, that are responsible for male reproductive tissue development, secondary sexual characteristics, and other physiological functions.
what are the physical characteristics of testosterone
- Deeper voice
- Adams apple
- Facial hair
- Public hair
-Muscle growth
what are the behavioural characteristics of testosterone
- Increased sex drive
- Increased sexual behaviours
General aggressiveness
- Increased sexual behaviours
what are the physical characteristics of estrogen
- Brest development
- Public hair
- Fat decomposition in breasts and hips
- Increased water retention
Altered calcium metabolism
what are the behavioral characteristics of estrogen
Increased sex drive
what is folliculogenesis
Folliculogenesis refers to the process of follicle development within the ovaries, where immature ovarian follicles mature and eventually release an egg during ovulation.
what is oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process of egg cell (or ova) development within the ovaries, involving the formation, growth, and maturation of primary oocytes that eventually give rise to fully developed eggs capable of fertilization.
where is oestrogen produced
in the granulosa cells in the follicle
where is progesterone produced
produced by the corpus luteum
what does progesterone do
regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy
in the female reproductive system what does LH do
stimulates the production of corpus luteum which stimulates ovulation and produces androgen and progesterone
in the female reproductive system what does FSH do
stimulates folliculogenesis
!!!!!!!!
when does spermatogenesis occur
during puberty
what is spermatogenesis
the production of sperm
where does spermatogenesis occur
in Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules
what controls spermatogenesis and where does it occur
FHS controls spermatogenesis
this occurs in the sertoli cells
where are sertoli cells located
in the seminiferous tubules
what is the structure of a mature sperm cell
head- containing enzymes to digest the eggs outer coating
mid piece- has lots of mitrocondria to power the journey
tail (flagella): 9+2 arrangement
what factors affect the quality of male sperm
-diet
-smoking
-drugs
-alcohol
how do contraceptives work
supress the GnRH, FSH and LH
heterotrophs
organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients by consuming organic matter derived from other organisms
what do organisms need to consume
-lipids
-carbohydrates
- proteins
-minerals
-vitamins
-water
factors that impact how much animal eats
-metabolic rate
-body mass
-types of food they eat
what is digestions simply
process of breaking down large molecules into simple and more smaller molecues
what are the 2 types of digestion
-mechanical digestion
-enzymatic digestion (chemical)
what is the mechanical digestion that occurs in the mouth
-chewing of food breaks down the food
-increases the SA:V ratio
what is the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth
-saliva contains amylase which hydrolyzes starch into maltose (disaccharide)
what is the mechanical digestion that occurs in the stomach
churning of the stomach
what is the pH in the stomach
1-2
what are the chemical\enzymatic digestion that occurs in the stomach
-pepsin and other proteases breaks down proteins into animo acids
-food is reproduced into chyme
what does the pyloric sphincter do
controls the release of chyme into the small intestine
where does enzymatic digestion occur in the the small intestine
duodenum
where is nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
in the Jejunum and the Ileum
what does the liver do
produces bile
what does bile do
emulsifies lipid droplets
the does the pancreas do
- Secretes digestive enzymes including, lipases, proteases
Nuclease, amylase
Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralise the acidity of the chyme
what is a gallstone
solid bits of bile
what occurs in the large intestine
Large intestine
· Water is adsorption
Formation of faeces
what is a generalist
eat a variety of foods and get nutrients from them
what is a specialist
limited diet (koala only eats eucalyptus)
how do herbivores digest cellulose
- Symbiotic bacteria and protests live in their digestive tracks and digest cellulose
what are the 2 types of herbivores
Foregut fermenters
Hindgut fermenters
what is a foregut fermenter
Digestion of cellulose by microbes occurs before the stomach
what are hindgut fermenters
microbial fermentation takes place in the cecum and large intestine, enabling them to break down plant material and extract nutrients.
what is a caesotroph
an organism that eats their shit
what does gastrin do
Gastrin stimulates the stomach to secrete digestive fluids and increase stomach movement
- prepares the stomach for food
where is gastrin secreted
in the cells lining the stomach
what is secretin
- Stimulates the pancreases to secrete digestive fluids which are rich in bicarbonate ions
what stimulates the production of secretin
Stimulus for secretion of secretin is the acidity (low pH) of the chyme as it enters the duodenum from the stomach
what are CKKs
a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and tells the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
CKKs follow a what type of feedback
a negative feedback loop
what is the stimulus for CKKs
the presence of fats and lipids in chyme
what is ghrelin
a hormone that regulates appetite and preparing the stomach for food
ghrelin increases
before eating
(when you are hungry)
ghrelin decreases
after eating
where is ghrelin detected
in the hypothalamus
response for ghrelin increasing is
making you feeling hungry
what is leptin
a hormone that regulates body weight (long term regulation
leptin increases when
when fat mass increases which results in appetite suppression
leptin decreases when
when fat mass decreases which results in appetite increasing
leptin does what to appetite
lowers
ghrelin does what to appetite
grows
what are some of the factors that influences the micro bacteria gut
· Food intake
· Stress
· Exercise
· Drugs
· Environment
· Genetics
· Diet
Cognitive behaviour
