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Biology: lifes machinary > body systems: heart, lungs, reproductive systems and digestive systems > Flashcards

body systems: heart, lungs, reproductive systems and digestive systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what adaptations allow for inproved exchaged of gases

A

-specialized organs
-large SA:V ratio
circulatory systems

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of circulatory systems

A
  • closed system
  • open system
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3
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

Blood circulates within a network of vessels, separate from interstitial fluid.
Efficient nutrient/gas exchange and distribution of substances.

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4
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A
  • Circulating fluid empties out into the body cavity
    Fluid in the circulatory system is the same that in the body cavity
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5
Q

what are some advantages of having a closed circulatory system

A

-faster metabolism
- fluid is more rapid in a closed system
- control of flow-fluid is directed to the specific location

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6
Q

features of a fishes circulatory system

A

-4 chambered hear
-gas exchange with water
-low blood pressureas the vessicles are leading to the body

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7
Q

what is the windkessel effect

A

Arterial mechanism in the cardiovascular system.

Arteries store and release energy during each cardiac cycle.

Maintains continuous blood flow, reduces pressure fluctuations.

Smooths pressure pulsations, improves heart efficiency.

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8
Q

what are the circulatory characteristics of birds\ mammals

A
  • 4 chamber heart
  • gas exchange with air
  • low blood pressure in vessicles leading to the lungs
    -high blood pressure in vessicles leading to the body
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9
Q

what do we use to measure a cardiac cycle

A

ECG

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10
Q

a peak in ecg is when the ventricles contract and the

A

atria relax

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11
Q

what is an arteries

A

thick blood vessels that carry blood away from the body

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12
Q

what is a vein

A

A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart under low pressure

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13
Q

what is a capillary

A

A capillary is the smallest and thinnest blood vessel that allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.

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14
Q

describe the path of the blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.

It moves to the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs.

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.

It flows to the left ventricle and is pumped to the body through the aorta.

This cycle repeats, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.

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15
Q

what is the function of the heart valve

A

The function of heart valves is to ensure the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart chambers. Valves prevent the backward flow of blood, maintaining the proper direction of blood flow during each phase of the cardiac cycle.

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16
Q

what diffuses out of capillaries

A

oxygen and nutrients diffuse out at lower concentrations

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17
Q

what diffuses into capillaries

A

CO2 and nitrogenous waste diffuse into them at higher concentrations

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18
Q

what is the equation for partial pressure

A
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19
Q

can gas exchange occur in water

A

yes

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20
Q

how can gas exchange work in water

A

These gases can dissolve in water, although the solubility is lower compared to their solubility in air.

however it is harder because water is more dense

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21
Q

what do the alveoli do

A

they are light tissue that fill up with air

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22
Q

why is the lung tissue light

A

to ensure the alveoli dont collapse

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23
Q

what increase the blood concentrations of O2 in blood

A

the protein haemoglobin

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24
Q

the haldane effect stage that

A

The Haldane effect states:

When hemoglobin is more saturated with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin), it has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide.

As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, which decreases its ability to bind and carry carbon dioxide.

Conversely, when hemoglobin releases oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin), it has an increased affinity for carbon dioxide, promoting its binding to hemoglobin for transport.

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25
Q

what molecule do muscles have to store oxygen

A

myoglobin

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26
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

binds to oxygen at power partial pressures to increase oxygens affinity,

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27
Q

How do marine mammals long air for so long

A
  • Increased concentrations of haemoglobin
    • Increased concentration of myoglobin (10x more)
    • Reduce their heart rate
      Reduce blood flow to organs (only to brain heart and muscles)
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28
Q

what does the modella do (brain)

A

detects changes in partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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29
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptors

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30
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

-modella
- carotid bodies
-aortic bodies

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31
Q

what determines maleness

A

-the pressence of the SRY protein

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32
Q

what determines a female

A
  • the absense of the SRG protein
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33
Q

are the bi potenital gonads differentiated into male and female

A

no they are sex determined by the SRY protein
- for women= no SRG= overies
-more men- SRG present=tesies

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34
Q

what is progesterone

A

Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, supporting pregnancy, and has various effects on the body.

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35
Q

what is oestrogen

A

Estrogen is a group of hormones responsible for female reproductive system development, secondary sexual characteristics, and various physiological processes

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36
Q

what is androgen

A

Androgens are hormones, like testosterone, that are responsible for male reproductive tissue development, secondary sexual characteristics, and other physiological functions.

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37
Q

what are the physical characteristics of testosterone

A
  • Deeper voice
    • Adams apple
    • Facial hair
    • Public hair
      -Muscle growth
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38
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of testosterone

A
  • Increased sex drive
    • Increased sexual behaviours
      General aggressiveness
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39
Q

what are the physical characteristics of estrogen

A
  • Brest development
    • Public hair
    • Fat decomposition in breasts and hips
    • Increased water retention
      Altered calcium metabolism
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40
Q

what are the behavioral characteristics of estrogen

A

Increased sex drive

41
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A

Folliculogenesis refers to the process of follicle development within the ovaries, where immature ovarian follicles mature and eventually release an egg during ovulation.

42
Q

what is oogenesis

A

Oogenesis is the process of egg cell (or ova) development within the ovaries, involving the formation, growth, and maturation of primary oocytes that eventually give rise to fully developed eggs capable of fertilization.

43
Q

where is oestrogen produced

A

in the granulosa cells in the follicle

44
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

produced by the corpus luteum

45
Q

what does progesterone do

A

regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy

46
Q

in the female reproductive system what does LH do

A

stimulates the production of corpus luteum which stimulates ovulation and produces androgen and progesterone

47
Q

in the female reproductive system what does FSH do

A

stimulates folliculogenesis

48
Q
A

!!!!!!!!

49
Q

when does spermatogenesis occur

A

during puberty

50
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

the production of sperm

51
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

in Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules

52
Q

what controls spermatogenesis and where does it occur

A

FHS controls spermatogenesis
this occurs in the sertoli cells

53
Q

where are sertoli cells located

A

in the seminiferous tubules

54
Q

what is the structure of a mature sperm cell

A

head- containing enzymes to digest the eggs outer coating

mid piece- has lots of mitrocondria to power the journey

tail (flagella): 9+2 arrangement

55
Q

what factors affect the quality of male sperm

A

-diet
-smoking
-drugs
-alcohol

56
Q

how do contraceptives work

A

supress the GnRH, FSH and LH

57
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients by consuming organic matter derived from other organisms

58
Q

what do organisms need to consume

A

-lipids
-carbohydrates
- proteins
-minerals
-vitamins
-water

59
Q

factors that impact how much animal eats

A

-metabolic rate
-body mass
-types of food they eat

60
Q

what is digestions simply

A

process of breaking down large molecules into simple and more smaller molecues

61
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion

A

-mechanical digestion
-enzymatic digestion (chemical)

62
Q

what is the mechanical digestion that occurs in the mouth

A

-chewing of food breaks down the food
-increases the SA:V ratio

63
Q

what is the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth

A

-saliva contains amylase which hydrolyzes starch into maltose (disaccharide)

64
Q

what is the mechanical digestion that occurs in the stomach

A

churning of the stomach

65
Q

what is the pH in the stomach

A

1-2

66
Q

what are the chemical\enzymatic digestion that occurs in the stomach

A

-pepsin and other proteases breaks down proteins into animo acids
-food is reproduced into chyme

67
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

controls the release of chyme into the small intestine

68
Q

where does enzymatic digestion occur in the the small intestine

A

duodenum

69
Q

where is nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

in the Jejunum and the Ileum

70
Q

what does the liver do

A

produces bile

71
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies lipid droplets

72
Q

the does the pancreas do

A
  • Secretes digestive enzymes including, lipases, proteases
    Nuclease, amylase
    Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralise the acidity of the chyme
73
Q

what is a gallstone

A

solid bits of bile

74
Q

what occurs in the large intestine

A

Large intestine
· Water is adsorption
Formation of faeces

75
Q

what is a generalist

A

eat a variety of foods and get nutrients from them

76
Q

what is a specialist

A

limited diet (koala only eats eucalyptus)

77
Q

how do herbivores digest cellulose

A
  • Symbiotic bacteria and protests live in their digestive tracks and digest cellulose
78
Q

what are the 2 types of herbivores

A

Foregut fermenters
Hindgut fermenters

79
Q

what is a foregut fermenter

A

Digestion of cellulose by microbes occurs before the stomach

80
Q

what are hindgut fermenters

A

microbial fermentation takes place in the cecum and large intestine, enabling them to break down plant material and extract nutrients.

81
Q

what is a caesotroph

A

an organism that eats their shit

82
Q

what does gastrin do

A

Gastrin stimulates the stomach to secrete digestive fluids and increase stomach movement

  • prepares the stomach for food
83
Q

where is gastrin secreted

A

in the cells lining the stomach

84
Q

what is secretin

A
  • Stimulates the pancreases to secrete digestive fluids which are rich in bicarbonate ions
85
Q

what stimulates the production of secretin

A

Stimulus for secretion of secretin is the acidity (low pH) of the chyme as it enters the duodenum from the stomach

86
Q

what are CKKs

A

a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and tells the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

87
Q

CKKs follow a what type of feedback

A

a negative feedback loop

88
Q

what is the stimulus for CKKs

A

the presence of fats and lipids in chyme

89
Q

what is ghrelin

A

a hormone that regulates appetite and preparing the stomach for food

90
Q

ghrelin increases

A

before eating
(when you are hungry)

91
Q

ghrelin decreases

A

after eating

92
Q

where is ghrelin detected

A

in the hypothalamus

93
Q

response for ghrelin increasing is

A

making you feeling hungry

94
Q

what is leptin

A

a hormone that regulates body weight (long term regulation

95
Q

leptin increases when

A

when fat mass increases which results in appetite suppression

96
Q

leptin decreases when

A

when fat mass decreases which results in appetite increasing

97
Q

leptin does what to appetite

A

lowers

98
Q

ghrelin does what to appetite

A

grows

99
Q

what are some of the factors that influences the micro bacteria gut

A

· Food intake
· Stress
· Exercise
· Drugs
· Environment
· Genetics
· Diet
Cognitive behaviour

Biology: lifes machinary (7 decks)

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