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Biology: lifes machinary > module 1: what is life > Flashcards

module 1: what is life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do cells come from

A

pre existing cells

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2
Q

what does the structure of a cell or protein mean

A

the structure determines the function

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3
Q

can cells communicate with each other

A

yes they can

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4
Q

are virus alive

A

no

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5
Q

why are viruses not alive

A

because they are no comprised of cells, they cannot extract energy, cannot replicate

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6
Q

what are the 2 theory’s of the forces of life

A

1) life formed spontaneously
2) extra terrestrial life

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7
Q

what is a proto-cell

A

a lipid based semipermeable structure that allows some things in and some things out
- happens when lipids are put into water due to its hydroscopy properties

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8
Q

what are the 4 biomacromolecules

A

-proteins
-lipids
-carbohydrates
-nucleic acids

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9
Q

what are lipids comprised of

A

C, H and O

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10
Q

do lipids contains lots of oxygen

A

no, this means they are insoluble in water

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11
Q

why are lipids insoluable in water

A

because they are comprised of long hydrocarbon chains (non polar)

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12
Q

can lipids store energy

A

yes they can

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13
Q

what is a lipid made up from (structure)

A

phosphate head- which is hydrophilic water loving

fatty acid tail- hydrophobic (water hating)

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14
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

building up a molecule, water is released

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15
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking down of a molecule, water is needed

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of fatty acids

A

1) unsaturated
2) saturated

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17
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that only contains carbon carbon single bonds. this increases dispersion forces and allows these fatty acids to be solid at room temp
- more energy is required to break these bonds

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18
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that contains one carbon carbon double bond, these molecules are typically liquids at room temp because they contain a kink in the chain that decreased dispersion forces, thus less energy is needed to break the bonds

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19
Q

what are the 3 elements that a carbohydrate is made up of

A

C, H, O

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20
Q

what are carbohydrates used for

A

-source of energy
- structure (cellulose in plants)

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21
Q

what is the formular of a carbohydrate

A

(CH2)n

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22
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a single sugar molecule

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23
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

2 sugar molecules joined together

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24
Q

where is the hydroxyl group located on an alpha sugar

A

down the bottom

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25
Q

where is the hydroxyl group located on a beta sugar

A

up the top

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26
Q

what is a glycosidic link

A

the bond that joins 2 sugars together
-this bond is a —O— bond
- this process is known as condensation

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27
Q

what happens when glucose and glucose is bonded together

A

results in maltose (alpha 1-4)

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28
Q

what happens when galactose is bonded to glucose

A

results in lactose (beta 1-4)

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29
Q

what happens when glucose is bonded to fructose

A

results in sucrose (alpha 1-4)

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30
Q

what is cellulose

A

a long chain molecule that has little branching which creates a really strong cell wall
- a molecule in the cell wall of plants

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31
Q

is starch

A
  • a molecule that used to store energy in plants
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32
Q

is starch branched

A

yes it is branched but only to a small degree

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33
Q

where does the branching occur in starch

A

at C1 and C6

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34
Q

what is glycogen

A

a molecule that stores energy in humans

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35
Q

is glycogen branched

A

yes

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36
Q

what are the bases in DNA

A

A, T, C and G

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37
Q

what are the bases in RNA

A

A, U, C and G

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38
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

C, U, T
- only contain one hexagon

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39
Q

what is a purine

A

A and G
- contain 2 hexagons joined together

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40
Q

what direction does DNA run in

A

runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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41
Q

what bond joins 2 nucleotides together

A

a weak hydrogen bond

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42
Q

what is a monomer of a protein

A

amino acid

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43
Q

what does an animo acid consist of

A
  • central carbon, hydrogen, R group, a carbonyl group and an amine group
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44
Q

what are some of the functions of proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • defense
  • storage
  • transport
  • structure
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45
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

a bond that joins 2 amino acids together
-CONH

46
Q

what is the n terminus

A

the end where the amine group is

47
Q

what is the c terminus

A

the end where the carbonyl group is

48
Q

what enzyme joins 2 amino acids together

A

peptidyl transferase

49
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids

50
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein

A

the coiling and folding of the protein chain resulting in alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

51
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a proteins

A

the 3D nature of a protein which is determined by the bonding and interrogations of the R group

52
Q

what is the quartnary structure of a protein

A

where there are 2 or more polypeptides joined together

53
Q

what bonds can be found in the tertiary structure

A

-hydrogen bonds
- ionic bonds
- hydrophillic bonds
-hydrophobic bonds
-van der waal interactions
- disulphide bridges

54
Q

what bonds can be found in the tertiary structure

A

-hydrogen bonds
- ionic bonds
- hydrophillic bonds
-hydrophobic bonds
-van der waal interactions
- disulphide bridges

55
Q

what is the smallest unit of life

A

cells

56
Q

what are 2 types of prokaryotic cells

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
57
Q

what are prokaryotic cells comprised of

A
  • circular DNA
  • ribosomes
  • generally smaller
58
Q

what do prokaryotic cells lack

A
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus
59
Q

why are cyanbacteria important

A

becuase they were responsible for the oxygenation of the earth and were the first species to undergo photosynthesis

60
Q

what is binary fission

A

the way of reproduction for prokaryotic cells

61
Q

what are the steps of binary fission

A
  1. circular DNA is attached to the plasma membrane at a specific point
  2. DNA is replicated
  3. the new DNA is attached to a different point at the plasma membrane and the membrane will grow inwards
  4. this creates a new cell via cytokinesis
62
Q

what qualifies a eukaryotic cells

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • generally much larger
63
Q

what surrounds the nucleus

A

the nuclear envelope

64
Q

what is the purpose of the pores in the nucleus

A
  • to allow genetic infomation out of the cell
  • for example pre mRNA
65
Q

what are chromosomes

A

a molecule that contains the genetic information of a cell

66
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

made up of chromatin

67
Q

what happens at the mitocondria

A

production of ATP

68
Q

how many organelles does the mitochondria have

A

2

69
Q

how occurs at the chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

70
Q

how many organelles does a chloroplast have

A

2

71
Q

how many organelles does a chloroplast have

A

2

72
Q

what is the origin of the mitochondria

A
  • arose from purple bacteria
  • formed a relationship with an aerobic bacteria
73
Q

what is the evidence for endosymbiosis

A
  • organelles are morphological similar
  • they are double membrane bound
  • they contain their own ribosomes
74
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulm made up of

A

cristernae

75
Q

explain the SA:V of the ER

A

has a high SA:V ratio due to the folding

76
Q

what are the two types of ER

A
  • smooth ER
    -rough ER
77
Q

what occurs at the ER

A

site of synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

78
Q

what does the smooth ER synthesise

A

the smooth ER secretes carbohydrates and lipids

79
Q

what is the function of the golgi body

A

responsible for the collection and packaging of molecules

80
Q

what are lysosomes

A

they break down material ingested by endocytosis or recycle old organelles

81
Q

what is it called when a lysosomes recycles an old organelle

A

autophagy

82
Q

what do vacuoles do

A

preform a wide range of functions like storage of nutrients and maintain the cell structure

83
Q

what are mircobodies

A

an organelles that contains enzymes to catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)

84
Q

what are the 2 types of microbodies

A

-peroxisomes
and
-glyoxysomes

85
Q

what do peroxisomes break down

A

amino acids

86
Q

what do glyoxysomes break down

A

fatty acids

87
Q

what occurs in the cytosol

A

a bunch of biochemical reactions

88
Q

what is the role for the plasma membrane

A

to prevent the flow of lipids in and out of the cell due ti the hydrophobic middle region and protect the cells interior

89
Q

is the plasma membrane a liquid

A

YES IT IS MOVING ALL THE TIME

90
Q

does simple diffusion require energy

A

no

91
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

the diffusion of a substrance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- along the concentration gradient

92
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration

93
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

when the concentration of solution is lower than the concentration of the cell and thus water comes into the cell

94
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

whe the concentration of solution is higher then the concentration of the cells and this water moves out of the cell and into the solution

95
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

both concentrations are the same and thus there is a net zero movement

96
Q

what is faciliated diffusion

A

the use of transport proteins to move larger molecules into and out of the cell down the concentration gradient

97
Q

what must happen for cell division to be success

A

the genetic material must be replicated accurately and distributed into the 2 daughter cells

98
Q

what are the steps cell division in eukaryotic cells

A

interphase and mitosis

99
Q

what are the 3 stages of interphase in order

A

1) G1
2) S
3) G2

100
Q

what happens in G1

A
  • organelles are made
  • synthesis of proteins and enzymes
  • growth
101
Q

what happens at the s phase

A
  • growth
  • metabolic activity
  • DNA replication
102
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

-preparation for cell division
- growth
-metabolic activity

103
Q

what stage does DNA replication take place

A

the s phase

104
Q

what are the stages of DNA replication

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds the DNA by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
  • DNA polymease goes along the leading strand and creates a complimentary leading strand
105
Q

what are the stages of mitosis in order

A

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telephase

106
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle fibres begin to form
107
Q

what happens in metaphase

A
  • nuclear membrane break apart
    -spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes
    -chromosomes line up to the equator of the cell
108
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

-spindle fibres shorten (pulling the chromosome to one end of the cell
- centromere divides
- the production of 2 chromatids

109
Q

what happens in telophase

A
  • the nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
110
Q

what

A
111
Q

where are the checkpoints during cell division

A

-G1
-G2
- metaphase

112
Q

what is the checkpoint at G1

A

cyclin CDKs prevent the progression of the cell cycle is ssDNA is found. this process activates the production of and ATR protein which halts the S phase

Biology: lifes machinary (7 decks)

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