Module 3 Antibiotics Flashcards
Describe selective toxicity
It is the ability to enjoy target so organism without injuring other cells
Indicates ability of an antibiotic to kill or suppress microbial pathogens without causing injury to the host
What is the difference between bacteria cell wall and mammalian cell walls?
Bacterial cell walls are rigid and thick. (If It were not for the cell wall bacteria would absorb water and Burst)
Mammalian cells have no cell wall so drugs don’t affect this
Which drug class selectively inhibits an enzyme needed to make folic acid?
Why does in affect bacteria but not us?
Sulfonamides Inhibit an enzyme needed to make folic acid
Extra info: Bacteria my synthesize folic acid themselves they can’t take it from dietary sources like us
What 2 drug classes inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis?
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Which Drug class causes LETHAL inhibition of bacterial proteins synthesis?
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
Which drug class causes NON-LETHAL inhibition of protein synthesis?
How do they differ from lethal inhibition?
Tetracyclines
They differ from aminoglycosides because they only slow microbial growth
Which three drugs inhibit bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA?
Rifampin, metronidazole(flagyl) , and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
What are anti-metabolites?
Drugs that disrupts specific bio chemical reactions
Trimethoprim and sulfonamides
What is the difference between bactericidal drugs and bacteriostatic drugs?
Bacteriocidal drugs are lethal and kill bacteria directly
Bacteria static drugs slow bacterial growth but elimination of bacteria is needed to be done by the host
What are four basic mechanisms for microbial drug-resistance?
They can decrease the concentration of a drug at its site of action
Alter the structure of drug target molecules
Produce a drug antagonist
Cause drug inactivation
What is a super infection?
An infection that appears during the course of treatment for a primary infection
What are three principal factors that must be considered when choosing or selecting an antibiotic?
Identify the infecting organism, drug sensitivity to the infecting orgasm, and host factors
What is empiric therapy in regards to abx therapy?
Never send a patient home with an infection because you’re waiting on lab results.
Based on knowledge and assessment give a broad-spectrum agent as initial treatment and wait for culture and sensitivity results and if you need to contact the patient, you can switch to a more selective antibiotic for the organism
drug levels should be how many times the minimal inhibitory concentration ?
4-8 times the MiC are often desirable
Antibiotics must be present at the site of infection, dosages should be adjusted to produce drug concentrations that are equal to or greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration
Antibiotic dosage too high can increase the risk for what?
Superinfection
What class of abx medication should not be given to infants? And why?
Infants should not receive sulfonamides because it can cause Kernicterus (neuro disorder cause by bilirubin displacement)
Which class of antibiotics causes staining to teeth or discoloration?
Tetracyclines
Gentamicin use in pregnancy can cause what?
It can cause irreversible hearing loss in the infant
Women who are taking sulfonamides while breast-feeding should know that it can cause what in infants?
Kernicterus Because it can enter the breast milk
In order for penicillins to produce antibacterial affects they must bind to what?
Penicillin binding proteins
Tell me basic facts about penicillin
They are bactericidal They Weaken the cell wall Treat mainly gram-positive bacteria Known as beta-lactam antibiotics In older adults decrease dose may be needed due to renal dysfunction
Safe to use in infants
Safe for pregnancy
Amoxicillin is safe to use while breast-feeding
Clavunolic acid Is used with amoxicillin because?
It helps inhibit the beta-lactamase enzyme from destroying the beta-lactam ring of the anabiotic
This is needed because of bacterial resistance
Which salt carriers for penicillin G are the fastest for absorption?
Potassium and sodium
Procaine and benzathine are the slowest
Penicillins have a cross sensitivity to what other class of medication?
Cephalosporins
Penicillin G, penicillin V, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, Nafcillin
Are these narrow or broad-spectrum penicillin?
Narrow spectrum
Broad-spectrum penicillin’s such as ampicillin and amoxicillin Have a greater ability to treat what strain of grams?
Gram negative bacilli and gram-positive
Which broad-spectrum anabiotic is better tolerated?
Ampicillin or amoxicillin?
Amoxicillin
Staphylococcus aureus is what strain of bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria
MRSA or staphylococcus aureus Has developed resistance against which two classes of antibiotics?
Penicillin and most cephalosporins
What is the treatment for healthcare associated MRSA?
Vancomycin IV or linezoid (zyvox)
Community associated MRSA Is treated by what anabiotic?
Bactrim or doxycycline
To eradicate MRSA in the nares , to decolonize What is the treatment?
Intranasal Mupirocin
What other class like penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics and bactericidal?
Cephalosporins
What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?
Agents fine to penicillin binding proteins and disrupts cell wall synthesis
And
Activate autolysins (enzyme that cleave bonds in cell wall)
Which generation of cephalosporins is destroyed by beta lactamases?
First generation
Third and fourth generations are highly resistant
What is the rule for cephalosporins?
As you increase in generations, there is a higher activity of Gram negative bacteria and higher ability of distribution to reach CSF fluid
Ceftriaxone is largely eliminated by how?
The liver
Cross sensitivity with penicillins is less and which generations of cephalosporins?
Fourth and fifth generation of cephalosporins
What is common after several days of treatment with cephalosporins?
A maculopapular rash
What interaction do cephalosporins have with alcohol?
Cephalosporins block metabolism of alcohol thereby increasing acetaldehyde That can cause tachycardia flashing and nausea ( disulfiram reaction)
Cefotetan, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone Can cause what?
They can promote bleeding
What is one major adverse effect that providers should instruct patients to report about Cephalosporins?
Instruct patient reports increased in frequency because all cephalosporins can promote C. Diff infection
Describe Vancomycin’s mechanism of action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Does not interact with penicillin binding proteins
Does not contain a beta-lactam ring
Clostridium Difícil is what type of bacteria?
Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria
What is a major adverse effects with Vancomycin?
Renal toxicity
To minimize the restaurant serum levels should be no greater than needed
What is the first line of choice for C.diff infection?
What is the second?
First line therapy is Vancomycin
Second line therapy is Flagyl or Metronidazole
What defines a C.Diff infection?
Passage of three or more unformed stools in the past 24 hours and a positive stool test for C.diff
Which anabiotic’s are likely to cause a C.diff infection??
4 types of classes
Clindamycin
Second generation cephalosporins
Third generation cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
Cefazolin, cephalexin (keflex), and cefadroxil
Are what generation of cephalosporins?
What do they usually treat?
First generation cephalosporins,
treat gram positive (staph and strep),
good for skin infections
Cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefprozil, cefutoxime, are apart of what Generation of cephalosporins?
What bugs do they treat?
Second generation cephalosporins
They treat Gram-negative and gram-positive organisms ( h.influenzae, klebsiella, pneumococci, and staphylococci)
Good for Otitis, sinusitis, and respiratory infections
Cefdinir, cefditoren, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone (rocephin)
What generation of cephalosporins?
What do they treat?
Third generation cephalosporins
Treat Gram negative organisms
(Pseudomonas, neiserria gonorrhea, klebseilla, Serratia)
Preferred for use in meningitis
What is important to know about cephalosporins absorption in general?
Poor absorption in the G.I. tract
Many are usually given IM or IV
What type of spectrum of antibiotics or tetracyclines and are they bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
What is their mechanism of action?
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics treats gram negative and positive
They are bacteriostatic
The inhibit protein synthesis
Tetracycline antibiotics end in what?
Cycline
Main ones Tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline
What are important facts you need to know about tetracycline?
It doesn’t penetrate the cerebral spinal fluid or cross the blood brain barrier
It can stain teeth yellow or brown
It does cross the placenta,
should not be used in kids younger than eight, can cause teratogenic effects in the fetus.
Gastrointestinal irritation is common.
What superinfection needs to be of a concern for tetracyclines?
C.diff
What food interactions do you tetracyclines Have?
Tetracycline should not be taken with milk products,calcium supplements, iron supplements, laxatives and most anti-acids because it will decrease absorption.
(Should give one hour before two hours after ingestion)
What are the drug interactions with tetracyclines?
Tetracyclines can increase Digoxin and warfarin levels
Patient education and provider knowledge about tetracyclines with sun and kidney disease
Tetracycline increases sensitivity to the skin so avoid prolonged sun exposure
Should avoid and patients with kidney disease
Macrolides or what type of spectrum of anabiotic’s and Are they bactericidal or bacterial static?
what do they do?
Macrolides or broad-spectrum anabiotic’s that usually cover gram-positive strains
They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
They are bacteriostatic
Tetracyclines
Do they pass the CSF or the blood brain barrier?
Do they cross the placenta?
Tetracyclines do not pass the CSF or the blood brain barrier
They do cross the placenta And can enter fetal circulation
Some macrolides End in what?
“Mycin”
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
Adverse effects of macrolides include what?
They can cause gastrointestinal effects such as nausea vomiting diarrhea That can be reduced if given with meals.
Can also prolonged QT when taken with CYP3 enzyme inhibitors
Clindamycin is what type of spectrum anabiotic?
Is it bactericidal or bacteriastatic?
What is their mechanism of action?
Clindamycin is a broad-spectrum gram-positive and gram-negative antibiotic
It is mostly bacteriostatic
It inhibits protein synthesis
What is clindamycin a drug of choice for?
Severe group strep A And gangrene (C.perfringes)
What is the most severe adverse effect of clindamycin?
It can cause C.diff super infection
Have the patient notify the provider if they have five watery stools a day
This can occur in the first week of therapy or up to 4 to 6 weeks after
What antibiotic should be used if patients are allergic to penicillin and have a cross sensitivity to Cephalosporins?
Macrolides such as azithromycin erythromycin
What do you floroquinolones mainly cover in regards to a gram strain?
What is their mechanism of action?
Are they bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Fluoroquinolones primarily cover Gram- negative strains but do cover some positive strains
They inhibit bacterial DNA replication
They are bactericidal
All floroquinolones have what major adverse effect?
They can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture
What is the preferred drag for treating anthrax also called bacillus anthracis?
Ciprofloxacin
Which is a fluoroquinolones
In the pediatric population which drug class can be use for treatment of complicated UTIs and kidney infections caused by E. coli?
Fluoroquinolones
What significant adverse effects
Do fluoroquinolones have? (4)
Older adults can have significant risk for confusion psychosis and visual disturbances.
It can cause tendinitis or tendon rupture
Patient should be aware of phototoxicity
should not be given and patience with myasthenia gravis because it can exacerbate muscle weakness
When should floroquinolones be discontinued?
At the first sign of a phototoxic reaction such as a burning sensation redness or rash.
Patient should stop medication at The first sign of tendon pain, swelling,or inflammation in regards to possible tendon rupture.
Any aluminum, magnesium containing acids for iron or zinc salts, sucralfate should be taken how long before or after taking ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)?
should be taken at least 6 hrs prior or 2 hrs after cipro.
Which two floroquinolones are approved for children?
Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin
What ending do fluoroquinolones have?
“Oxacin”
Ciprofloxacin can cause toxicity and what drugs?
Theophylline and warfarin
Flagyl or Metronidazole is Primarily effective against what type of Gram strain Bacteria and is it anaerobic or aerobic?
Flagyl is primarily lethal to anaerobic organisms and mostly Gram negative
Is Flagyl or metronidazole bactericidal or Bacteriostatic?
What infections do they treat?
They are bactericidal
They treat protozoal infections
What is a black box warning for Metronidazole?
It is associated with increased carcinogenic risk in mice. Unnecessary use should be avoided
Daptomycin also called Cubicin Is active against what type of strain of bacteria?
Is it Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic?
It is active it only against gram-positive anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
It is bactericidal
What is one notable side effect of daptomycin?
Muscle injury or myopathy
What are the approved uses for daptomycin?
A country bloodstream infection caused by staphylococcus aureus and complicated skin infections
What drug interaction should be avoided in these patients on daptomycin?
Simvastatin or cholesterol lowering medication because it can cause myopathy
Stop taking these meds when using daptomycin
What are Sulfonamides mechanism of action?
Are they bacteriostatic or bactericidal ?
What type of Bacterial strain do they cover?
Sulfonamides are Bacteriostatic drugs
They are active against broad-spectrum gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli
Sulfonamides inhibit a derivative of folate needed for cell synthesis
What is the primary causative agent in urinary tract infections?
E. coli
Do sulfonamides cross the placenta?
Yes they are not indicated or should be used in pregnancy
Sulfonamides should be discontinued if what happens?
A skin rash develops or is observed because it could be an indicator of Steven Johnson syndrome
What are the 4 major adverse effects of sulfonamides?
Hyper sensitivity with phototoxicity can occur
Can cause hemolytic anemia—If patient report fever pallor or jaundice
Kernicterus in newborns
Can Have renal damage Because of crystalline form if Not adequately hydrated
Sulfasalazine is used to treat what?
Ulcerative colitis
Sulfonamides should not be given to infants younger than how old?
Two months
Sulfonamides can intensify which three meds?
Warfarin, phenytoin, and sulfonylura hypoglycemics
Sulfacetamide is used for what?
Seborrheic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, and rosacea
Silver sulfadiazine and mafenide Are used to suppress back to your colonization and patience with second and third-degree burns but should not be used on what?
The face because it can cause blue, green or gray discoloration
Trimethoprim has what mechanism of action?
It’s a process bacteria synthesis of DNA and RNA
Is trimethoprim bactericidal and Bacteriostatic?
Depending on the side of infection it can be either
Trimethoprim treats which strain of bacteria?
Enteric Gram negative bacilli
What are Trimethoprim’s major adverse reaction?
Most common is itching and rash
Megaloblastic anemia can occur in patient’s you already have a folate deficiency such as alcoholics, pregnant woman and nursing home patients
Hyperkalemia is common because it reduces renal excretion of potassium
Patients who are taking an ARB, ACEI, aldosterone antagonist while on trimethoprim Should be monitored for what adverse reaction?
Hyperkalemia
Does trimethoprim cross the placenta and is it safe to use while breast-feeding?
Because it crosses the center of what it’s routine use
it is excreted in milk which can interfere with folic acid utilization by the nursing infant
What is Bactrim made up of?
TMP/SMZ
What do these two drugs do together?
It is made up of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
They potential each other’s affects
What is the microbial spectrum for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactria)?
It is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Adverse effects of Bactrim or a combination of sulfonamides adverse reactions and trimethoprim adverse reaction, name a few
Hypersensitivity reaction such a Steven Johnson syndrome, blood dyscrasia such as hemolytic anemia, Kernicterus in neonates, Hyperkalemia, and Renal damage
Bactrim taken with methotrexate can cause what in patients?
It can intensify bone marrow suppression
Lower urinary tract infections involves what organ parts?
The bladder and urethra
What organ do upper urinary tract infection involve?
The kidneys
What are the 2 types of urinary Tract infections?
Complicated or uncomplicated
Uncomplicated UTIs usually occur and what population?
Women of childbearing age with no predisposition
What are predisposing factors that complicated UTIs?
Calculi, prosthetic hypertrophy, and wine catheters, obstruction to urine flow
Urinary tract infections that are associated community acquired are caused by what pathogen what is the strain?
E.coli and it’s gram negative
Hospital acquired UTIs are caused by what common pathogens?
Klebseilla, Proteus, and Tara factor, Pseudomonas, staphylococci, and enterococci
Single dose therapy and short course therapy are utilized for what population?
They are for uncomplicated, community associate infection and women who are not pregnant and symptoms that began less than seven days prior to treatment
What are the first line drugs for uncomplicated acute cystitis?
List in order
Bactrim, nitrofuratonin, fosfomycin
For a patient you are not pregnant with symptoms less than seven days
What is the second class medication for acute cystitis uncomplicated?
The floroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin And levofloxacin
Complicated urinary tract infections What are the drugs in order?
Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, amoxicillin or Augmentin, And cephalexin
For treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, how long would conventional therapy be?
At least 7 to 14 days
Nitrofuratonin Also known as Macrobid is used in what instance?
Only use for lower urinary track infections, prophylaxis, and reoccurring infections
What is the mechanism of action of Macrobid or nitrofurantoin?
It injures bacteria by damaging their DNA
That low concentration it is Bacteriastatic and at high concentrations it bactericidal
What are the four major side effects associated with nitrofuratonin?
G.I. disturbances such as nausea vomiting diarrhea
**Can cause pulmonary reaction such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chills, fever, cough and alveolar infiltrates
Can cause hematologic a fact such as megaloblastic anemia
Can cause peripheral neuropathy
Nitrofuratonin (macrobid)is contraindicated in what 2 populations?
It is contraindicated in patients less than one month old
and
in patients with renal impairment (geriatrics)
Nitrofuratonin is contraindicated in what trimester pregnancy?
In the third trimester
For infants what 2 anabiotic’s can be used in infants for UTIs?
Ampicillin and gentamycin
What two antibiotics are safe in pregnancy?
Penicillins Such as Augmentin and cephalosporins
Women who are breast-feeding and taking the floroquinolones for a urinary tract infection, they should wait how long before breast-feeding?
They should wait 4 to 6 hours after a does before breast-feeding
Methenamine hippurate (similar to nitrofuratonin) It’s approved for children between what age?
Six and 12 years of age
It can also be used in children of six years of age and younger
What are Sulfonamides mechanism of action?
Are they bacteriostatic or bactericidal ?
What type of Bacterial strain do they cover?
Sulfonamides are Bacteriostatic drugs
They are active against broad-spectrum gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli
Sulfonamides inhibit a derivative of folate needed for cell synthesis
What is the primary causative agent in urinary tract infections?
E. coli
Do sulfonamides cross the placenta?
Yes they are not indicated or should be used in pregnancy
Sulfonamides should be discontinued if what happens?
A skin rash develops or is observed because it could be an indicator of Steven Johnson syndrome
What are the 4 major adverse effects of sulfonamides?
Hyper sensitivity with phototoxicity can occur
Can cause hemolytic anemia—If patient report fever pallor or jaundice
Kernicterus in newborns
Can Have renal damage Because of crystalline form if Not adequately hydrated
Sulfasalazine is used to treat what?
Ulcerative colitis
Sulfonamides should not be given to infants younger than how old?
Two months
Sulfonamides can intensify which three meds?
Warfarin, phenytoin, and sulfonylura hypoglycemics
Sulfacetamide is used for what?
Seborrheic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, and rosacea
Silver sulfadiazine and mafenide Are used to suppress back to your colonization and patience with second and third-degree burns but should not be used on what?
The face because it can cause blue, green or gray discoloration
Trimethoprim has what mechanism of action?
It’s a process bacteria synthesis of DNA and RNA
Is trimethoprim bactericidal and Bacteriostatic?
Depending on the side of infection it can be either
Trimethoprim treats which strain of bacteria?
Enteric Gram negative bacilli
What are Trimethoprim’s major adverse reaction?
Most common is itching and rash
Megaloblastic anemia can occur in patient’s you already have a folate deficiency such as alcoholics, pregnant woman and nursing home patients
Hyperkalemia is common because it reduces renal excretion of potassium
Patients who are taking an ARB, ACEI, aldosterone antagonist while on trimethoprim Should be monitored for what adverse reaction?
Hyperkalemia
Does trimethoprim cross the placenta and is it safe to use while breast-feeding?
Because it crosses the center of what it’s routine use
it is excreted in milk which can interfere with folic acid utilization by the nursing infant
What is Bactrim made up of?
TMP/SMZ
What do these two drugs do together?
It is made up of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
They potential each other’s affects
What is the microbial spectrum for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactria)?
It is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Patients with age should not use Bactrim because of why?
They have a high incidence of adverse effects
Adverse effects of Bactrim or a combination of sulfonamides adverse reactions and trimethoprim adverse reaction, name a few
Hypersensitivity reaction such a Steven Johnson syndrome, blood dyscrasia such as hemolytic anemia, Kernicterus in neonates, Hyperkalemia, and Renal damage
Bactrim taken with methotrexate can cause what in patients?
It can intensify bone marrow suppression
Lower urinary tract infections involves what organ parts?
The bladder and urethra
What organ do upper urinary tract infection involve?
The kidneys
Herpes simplex virus causes what
Infection of the genitalia, mouth, face and other sites
Herpes zoster is what?
Shingles, it’s a painful condition resulting from reactivation of varicella that has been dormant within the sensory nerves
Varicella zoster is what
The chickenpox
Describe Zovirax (Acyclovir)
It is the first drag a choice for most infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella
Serious side effects or uncommon
Cheap drug, it is needed to be taken more often though—compliance issue
Acyclovir mechanism of action
It inhibits viral replication by suppressing the synthesis of viral DNA
What is the drug of choice for varicella zoster infection in immunocompromised patients?
Acyclovir
Acyclovir Is approved for children as young as how old?
As young as three months of age
Valacyclovir is approved for children how old?
Two years of age
Is foscarnet recommended in pregnancy?
No it is not, there was a normal development of tooth enamel an animal students
Are Acyclovir and Valacyclovir in the secreted in the breast milk?
Can they be use while breast-feeding?
It is present in breastmilk, it is recommended that women who are taking systemic drugs for herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster should avoid breast-feeding
Describe valacyclovir (Valtrex)
It is a pro drug form of acyclovir
It has greater bioavailability than acyclovir
More expensive than acyclovir
Dosage frequency is less
Describe Docosanol cream (abreva)
Unlikely to promote resistance
Drag available over the counter
And they created for herpes labialis (oral)
Famciclovir Is a pro drug for?
Penciclovir
What is the dosing for acyclovir In a Herpes simplex virus breakout?
Give dosage
Treatment for HSV is 200 mg five times daily for 7 to 10 days.
Or 400 mg three times a day for 7 to 10 days
(1000-1200mg in a day)
What is the treatment for herpes zoster (shingles) when using acyclovir? Give dosage
800 mg five times a day for 7 to 10 days
What are side effects for antiviral medication’s for herpes simplex, herpes zoster (shingles), and herpes varicella?
Headache nausea vomiting
Acyclovir can help with what in shingles
Can help post herpetic neuralgia
Valtrex dosage for orolabial breakout
2g twice a day for one day
Valtrex dosage for herpes zoster (shingles) and varicella (chicken pox)
1 g three times a day for 5 to 7 days or until lesions have crusted
Varicella minimum 5 days and Zoster full 7 days
Valtrex dosage in Mucutaneous herpes simplex
1 g twice a day for 7 to 10 days
Or until lesions have healed
What is the first line of medication for treating chlamydia trichomonas? What is the second?
Azithromycin 1 g PO once
or
doxycycline 100 mg PO two times a day for seven days
What is the treatment for gonorrhea urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis, and pharyngitis?
Ceftriaxone (rocephin) 250 mg IM once and 1 g of azithromycin
What is the treatment for non-Gonococcal urethritis?
Azithromycin 1 g PO once
Or
Doxycycline hundred milligrams PO twice a day For seven days
What is the treatment for primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, early latency syphilis?
Give dosage
Benzathine penicillin G
2.4 million units IM once
What is Daily suppressive dosage therapy for acyclovir?
400 mg PO two times a day
What is the daily suppressive therapy dosage for Valacyclovir?
500 mg PO once a day
Or
1 g PO once a day
What is the first line drug for streptococcus pneumonia?
What is the second line?
Class wise
First line is penicillin or amoxicillin—penicillin class
Second line is azithromycin—macrolides
What is the first time medication neisseria meningitis?
What is the second line?
First sign is a third-generation cephalosporin
Second generation is penicillin
What is the first sign medication for staphylococcus aureus?
First line amoxicillin/ Augmentin
Second line is a cephalosporin
What is the first and second line for bacillus anthrax?
First sign of ciprofloxacin—fluoroquinolone
Second line is gentamicin or a tetracycline
Bordetella pertussis also known as whooping cough, what is the first and second line treatment for it?
First line treatment is azithromycin— Macrolides
Second line is Bactrim
For shigella what is the first sign and second line treatment?
First line floroquinolone
Second line is Bactrim or Ampicillin.
Salmonella treatment
What is first line and second line?
First line treatment is a cephalosporin
Second line treatment is Bactrim or a penicillin
Community associated MRSA is treated how?
Name first line and second line
First line is Bactrim
Second line is doxycycline
Gardnerella vaginalis
First line and second line treatment
First line is Flagyl
Second line is topical clindamycin or metronidazolep
Klebsiella
First line
Second line
First line is azithromycin
Second line is doxycycline then Bactrim
H influenza in a upper respiratory infection
What is the first line and second line?
First line is Bactrim
Second line is a cephalosporin or Augmentin
H influenza infection of the meningitis, epiglottitis, arthritis
What is the treatment?
Cephalosporins
Cefotxime and ceftriaxone
What is the treatment for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
1st and 2nd line
First line is erythromycin or a macrolide
Second line is penicillin G
listeria, First line and second line treatment?
First line treatment is ampicillin or penicillin G with or without gentamycin
Second line is Bactrim
Klebseilla Pneumonia what is the first line and secondly treatment?
First line is cephalosporins
Second is carbapenems
For Mycoplasma pneumonia
What is the first line and second line treatment?
1st line Erythromycin or a macrolide
Second line it’s a fluoroquinolone
H pylori infection
First line and second line?
First line is clarithromycin and amoxicillin along with Esomeprazole
Second line is a Tetracyclines with Flagyl
Cholerae
First line and second line treatment?
First line tetracycline
Second line Bactrim
What is the first line drug for streptococcus pneumonia?
What is the second line?
Class wise
First line is penicillin or amoxicillin—penicillin class
Second line is azithromycin—macrolides
What is the first time medication neisseria meningitis?
What is the second line?
First sign is a third-generation cephalosporin
Second generation is penicillin
What is the first sign medication for staphylococcus aureus?
First line amoxicillin/ Augmentin
Second line is a cephalosporin
What is the first and second line for bacillus anthrax?
First sign of ciprofloxacin—fluoroquinolone
Second line is gentamicin or a tetracycline
Cholerae
First line and second line treatment?
First line tetracycline
Second line Bactrim
H pylori infection
First line and second line?
First line is clarithromycin and amoxicillin along with Esomeprazole
Second line is a Tetracyclines with Flagyl
For Mycoplasma pneumonia
What is the first line and second line treatment?
1st line Erythromycin or a macrolide
Second line it’s a fluoroquinolone
Klebseilla Pneumonia what is the first line and secondly treatment?
First line is cephalosporins
Second is carbapenems
listeria, First line and second line treatment?
First line treatment is ampicillin or penicillin G with or without gentamycin
Second line is Bactrim
Bordetella pertussis also known as whooping cough, what is the first and second line treatment for it?
First line treatment is azithromycin— Macrolides
Second line is Bactrim
What is the treatment for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
1st and 2nd line
First line is erythromycin or a macrolide
Second line is penicillin G
H influenza infection of the meningitis, epiglottitis, arthritis
What is the treatment?
Cephalosporins
Cefotxime and ceftriaxone
H influenza in a upper respiratory infection
What is the first line and second line?
First line is Bactrim
Second line is a cephalosporin or Augmentin
Klebsiella
First line
Second line
First line is azithromycin
Second line is doxycycline then Bactrim
Gardnerella vaginalis
First line and second line treatment
First line is Flagyl
Second line is topical clindamycin or metronidazolep
Community associated MRSA is treated how?
Name first line and second line
First line is Bactrim
Second line is doxycycline
Salmonella treatment
What is first line and second line?
First line treatment is a cephalosporin
Second line treatment is Bactrim or a penicillin
For shigella what is the first sign and second line treatment?
First line floroquinolone
Second line is Bactrim or Ampicillin.
Very proficient for complete murder and death
What are these medications for bactericidal drugs?
Vancomycin, penicillins, fluoroquinolone, Cephalosporins, metronidazole, daptomycin
To slow the microorganism carefully
Bacteriostatic drugs what are these medications?
Tetracycline, Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, Clindamycin
What treatment for uncomplicated UTI is approved for a single does therapy?
Fosfomycin (monurol)
Which cephalosporin medication can be given in large doses without harming the kidneys?
Ceftriaxone
