Module 2 Flashcards
What is axonal conduction?
Is it selective?
The process of conducting an action potential down the axon of a neuron.
It is not very selective
What is synaptic transmission?
Is it selective?
It is the process by which the information is carried across the gap between the neuron and the postsynaptic cell.
It is highly selective because it requires a neurotransmitter to bind to molecules on the postsynaptic cell
A drug whose Effects mimics the effects of a natural transmitter would be said to do what to receptor activation?
Increase receptor activation
A drug whose effects were equivalent to reducing the amount of natural transmitter available for receptor binding would be said to do what to receptor activation?
Decrease receptor activation
True or false:
The activation over the receptor does not mean that a physiologic process will go faster. It can also make a process go slower.
True
Drugs that interfere with transmitter storage can have what effect on receptor activation?
It can cause receptor activation to decrease
Drugs that activate receptors are known as what?
Agonists
Drugs that prevent receptor activation are known as what?
Antagonist
True or false:
Selectivity is one of the most desirable qualities a drug can have
True
What part of the nervous system controls voluntary movement of muscles?
The somatic nervous system
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on these:
Gastric secretion
Bladder
Bowel
Bronchial smooth muscle
The parasympathetic nervous system increase gastric excretion,
Empties the bladder, empties the bowel, and contracts bronchial smooth muscle
Which ANS system Regulates body temperature?
The sympathetic nervous system
What is a process that allows a system to adjust itself By responding to incoming information?
Feedback regulation
What are the three elements of feedback regulation loop?
The sensor, the effector, and neurons connecting the sensor to the effector
In reference to the baroreceptor reflex,
When blood pressure falls what does a baroreceptor reflects cause?(2)
When bp is too high, what does the baroreceptor reflex do? (2)
When blood pressure falls, the baroreceptor reflux causes vasoconstriction an increases cardiac output.
When blood pressure is too high, the baroreceptor causes dilation and reduces cardiac output
In most organs what branch of the autonomic nervous system has the predominant autonomic tone?
The parasympathetic nervous system
What are the three Nero transmitters for the peripheral nervous system?
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and Epinephrine
Cholinergic receptors usually Immediate responses to what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Adrenergic receptors mediate responses to which to neurotransmitters?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the three major subtypes for cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic N, Nicotinic M, and muscarinic
What are the four major subtypes for adrenergic receptors?
What’s the other additional subtype to Adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1, alpha-2, Beta1 , beta2
Dopamine
Dopamine receptors respond to dopamine neurotransmitters, what subtype do they belong to?
Adrenergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors are associated with what autonomic nervous system?
It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
The adrenergic receptors are associated with what autonomic nervous system?
Its associated with the sympathetic nervous system
Contraction of the trigonum and sphincter is related to what group of receptors ?
Adrenergic receptors which is associated with the sympathetic nervous system
Contraction of the detrusor increases bladder pressure and
Relaxation of the trigone and sphincter allows urine to leave the bladder,
What group of receptors does this belong to?
It is associated with cholinergic receptors, the cording to contraction of the detrussor and relaxation of the try gown and sphincter causes voiding of the bladder which is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
A male erection is a associated with which autonomic nervous system and what receptor?
It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system and it is associated with cholinergic receptors
Ejaculation from the penis is associated with which autonomic nervous system and what receptor?
It is associated with adrenergic receptors and is associated with the sympathetic nervous system
Miosis and contraction of the ciliary muscle of the eye are associated with what receptor and what ans division ?
It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system and it is related to a cholinergic receptor
Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris and mydriasis of the eye is associated with what ans class and what receptor?
It is associated with adrenergic receptors and is associated with the sympathetic nervous system
Muscarinic receptors affect which target organs?
5
Eye, Heart, lung, bladder and gi tract
Alpha one receptors affect which target organs?
Eyes, skin, veins, mucous membranes, bladder
Beto one receptors affect which two organs?
Heart and kidney
What is the only transmitter that can act on beta 2 receptors?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine can activate which three adrenergic receptors ?
Alpha one, alpha 2, and beta 1
Cholinergic drugs act on what neurotransmitter?
They act on acetylcholine they either mimic or inhibit the breakdown
Should muscarinic agonist be given to patients with a urinary obstruction?
No because it can cause injury, it is good to use for urinary retention
What is the indicated use for a muscarinic agonist?
Only used for urinary retention
What is an adverse reaction in muscarinic Agonists?
Hypotension secondary to vasodilation and bradycardia
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth
What is cevimeline used for?
It’s a muscarinic agonist
Used for relief of dry mouth
Eyes—also can be used for relief of dry eyes
What do two drug classes can cause a muscarinic toxicity?
Muscarinic Agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors
What is the pneumonic for muscarinic toxicity for “dumbels”
Diaphoresis or diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia-brochospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salivation
What is the treatment agent for muscarinic toxicity?
Atropine
What is the mechanism of action for cholinesterase inhibitor’s?
These drug prevent the degradation (breakdown) of acetylcholine
What do you cholinesterase inhibitor’s treat?
There used to treat myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and poisoning of muscarinic antagonist
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor’s have only one indication for treatment which is what?
Glaucoma
What is anhidrosis?
Deficiency your absence of sweat this is common with the muscarinic antagonist, drugs like atropine
If Epi, an adrenergic agonist extravasates, what will counteract an minimize injury?
Alpha 1 blocking agent
Phentolamine
What are the three beta blockers do used in heart failure?
Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, metoprolol
What are the three hypertensive medications that can be used in pregnancy?
Methyldopa labetalol and nifedipine
Preload is what?
The stretch applied to a muscle before contraction
