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Cassandra's Pharmacology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is axonal conduction?

Is it selective?

A

The process of conducting an action potential down the axon of a neuron.

It is not very selective

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2
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

Is it selective?

A

It is the process by which the information is carried across the gap between the neuron and the postsynaptic cell.

It is highly selective because it requires a neurotransmitter to bind to molecules on the postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

A drug whose Effects mimics the effects of a natural transmitter would be said to do what to receptor activation?

A

Increase receptor activation

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4
Q

A drug whose effects were equivalent to reducing the amount of natural transmitter available for receptor binding would be said to do what to receptor activation?

A

Decrease receptor activation

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5
Q

True or false:
The activation over the receptor does not mean that a physiologic process will go faster. It can also make a process go slower.

A

True

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6
Q

Drugs that interfere with transmitter storage can have what effect on receptor activation?

A

It can cause receptor activation to decrease

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7
Q

Drugs that activate receptors are known as what?

A

Agonists

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8
Q

Drugs that prevent receptor activation are known as what?

A

Antagonist

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9
Q

True or false:

Selectivity is one of the most desirable qualities a drug can have

A

True

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10
Q

What part of the nervous system controls voluntary movement of muscles?

A

The somatic nervous system

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11
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on these:

Gastric secretion

Bladder

Bowel

Bronchial smooth muscle

A

The parasympathetic nervous system increase gastric excretion,
Empties the bladder, empties the bowel, and contracts bronchial smooth muscle

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12
Q

Which ANS system Regulates body temperature?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What is a process that allows a system to adjust itself By responding to incoming information?

A

Feedback regulation

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14
Q

What are the three elements of feedback regulation loop?

A

The sensor, the effector, and neurons connecting the sensor to the effector

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15
Q

In reference to the baroreceptor reflex,
When blood pressure falls what does a baroreceptor reflects cause?(2)

When bp is too high, what does the baroreceptor reflex do? (2)

A

When blood pressure falls, the baroreceptor reflux causes vasoconstriction an increases cardiac output.

When blood pressure is too high, the baroreceptor causes dilation and reduces cardiac output

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16
Q

In most organs what branch of the autonomic nervous system has the predominant autonomic tone?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

What are the three Nero transmitters for the peripheral nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and Epinephrine

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18
Q

Cholinergic receptors usually Immediate responses to what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

Adrenergic receptors mediate responses to which to neurotransmitters?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

What are the three major subtypes for cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic N, Nicotinic M, and muscarinic

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21
Q

What are the four major subtypes for adrenergic receptors?

What’s the other additional subtype to Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1, alpha-2, Beta1 , beta2

Dopamine

22
Q

Dopamine receptors respond to dopamine neurotransmitters, what subtype do they belong to?

A

Adrenergic receptors

23
Q

Cholinergic receptors are associated with what autonomic nervous system?

A

It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system

24
Q

The adrenergic receptors are associated with what autonomic nervous system?

A

Its associated with the sympathetic nervous system

25
Q

Contraction of the trigonum and sphincter is related to what group of receptors ?

A

Adrenergic receptors which is associated with the sympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Contraction of the detrusor increases bladder pressure and
Relaxation of the trigone and sphincter allows urine to leave the bladder,
What group of receptors does this belong to?

A

It is associated with cholinergic receptors, the cording to contraction of the detrussor and relaxation of the try gown and sphincter causes voiding of the bladder which is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system

27
Q

A male erection is a associated with which autonomic nervous system and what receptor?

A

It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system and it is associated with cholinergic receptors

28
Q

Ejaculation from the penis is associated with which autonomic nervous system and what receptor?

A

It is associated with adrenergic receptors and is associated with the sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

Miosis and contraction of the ciliary muscle of the eye are associated with what receptor and what ans division ?

A

It is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system and it is related to a cholinergic receptor

30
Q

Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris and mydriasis of the eye is associated with what ans class and what receptor?

A

It is associated with adrenergic receptors and is associated with the sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

Muscarinic receptors affect which target organs?

5

A

Eye, Heart, lung, bladder and gi tract

32
Q

Alpha one receptors affect which target organs?

A

Eyes, skin, veins, mucous membranes, bladder

33
Q

Beto one receptors affect which two organs?

A

Heart and kidney

34
Q

What is the only transmitter that can act on beta 2 receptors?

A

Epinephrine

35
Q

Norepinephrine can activate which three adrenergic receptors ?

A

Alpha one, alpha 2, and beta 1

36
Q

Cholinergic drugs act on what neurotransmitter?

A

They act on acetylcholine they either mimic or inhibit the breakdown

37
Q

Should muscarinic agonist be given to patients with a urinary obstruction?

A

No because it can cause injury, it is good to use for urinary retention

38
Q

What is the indicated use for a muscarinic agonist?

A

Only used for urinary retention

39
Q

What is an adverse reaction in muscarinic Agonists?

A

Hypotension secondary to vasodilation and bradycardia

40
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth

41
Q

What is cevimeline used for?

It’s a muscarinic agonist

A

Used for relief of dry mouth

Eyes—also can be used for relief of dry eyes

42
Q

What do two drug classes can cause a muscarinic toxicity?

A

Muscarinic Agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors

43
Q

What is the pneumonic for muscarinic toxicity for “dumbels”

A

Diaphoresis or diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia-brochospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salivation

44
Q

What is the treatment agent for muscarinic toxicity?

A

Atropine

45
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cholinesterase inhibitor’s?

A

These drug prevent the degradation (breakdown) of acetylcholine

46
Q

What do you cholinesterase inhibitor’s treat?

A

There used to treat myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and poisoning of muscarinic antagonist

47
Q

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor’s have only one indication for treatment which is what?

A

Glaucoma

48
Q

What is anhidrosis?

A

Deficiency your absence of sweat this is common with the muscarinic antagonist, drugs like atropine

49
Q

If Epi, an adrenergic agonist extravasates, what will counteract an minimize injury?

A

Alpha 1 blocking agent

Phentolamine

50
Q

What are the three beta blockers do used in heart failure?

A

Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, metoprolol

51
Q

What are the three hypertensive medications that can be used in pregnancy?

A

Methyldopa labetalol and nifedipine

52
Q

Preload is what?

A

The stretch applied to a muscle before contraction

Cassandra's Pharmacology (14 decks)

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