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IDIS 199 > Module 3: Alcohol, Recreational Drugs, and Mental Health > Flashcards

Module 3: Alcohol, Recreational Drugs, and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

-the central nervous consists of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-peripheral nervous system contains all nerve fibers outside of the CNS

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4
Q

What are neurons

A

-functional unit of the brain and are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

-projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons

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6
Q

Axon

A

-slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the next cell in the pathway

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

-fatty substance that surrounds nerve cells
-forms a sheath around the axon of the neuron, providing a layer of insulation and increasing rate of transmission along the axon

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8
Q

Synapse

A

-when electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, enters the synapse
-in this area it transfers from one neuron to the dendrites of a second neuron

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9
Q

Structure of the brain

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-responsible for higher level cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement

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11
Q

Parietal lobe

A

-processes information about temperature, taste, touch, and movement

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12
Q

Temporal lobe

A

-processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight, and touch

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13
Q

Occipital lobe

A

-primarily responsible for vision

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14
Q

What is the most important brain area that undergoes major development in early adulthood

A

-frontal lobe

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15
Q

What higher level cognitive abilities is the frontal lobe

A

-planning
-goal-directed behaviour
-decision-making
-complex problem-solving
-cognitive control

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16
Q

Grey matter

A

-mostly found within the cortex of the brain
-it contains neuronal cell bodies and synapses

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17
Q

White matter

A

-mostly found under the cortex and within the cerebrum
-contains myelinated axons

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18
Q

Brain development during early adulthood

A

-peaks in early to middle adulthood
-the amount of grey matter in the brain decreases, and the amount of white matter increases

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19
Q

Specific changes in the brain during adulthood

A

-increased synaptic pruning
-increased myelination
-improved connectivity

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20
Q

Increased synaptic pruning

A

-refers to process where extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency or neuronal transmission

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21
Q

Increased myelination

A

-humans are born with little to no myelin in the CNS
-occurs throughout childhood and into the period of accelerated growth seen during the late teens and early twenties

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22
Q

Improved connectivity

A

-critical for a variety of higher level functions such as learning new complex information, integrating new learning, and applying it

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23
Q

What is substance use

A

-refers to the use of a psychoactive substance
-can include caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs

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24
Q

What is substance misuse

A

-the use of a psychoactive substance in a way that causes concern and/or elevates the risk of reduced well being and poor mental health

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25
What are examples of substance misuse
-regular or excessive use, or use when one should be in class, studying, or working -use of medication for a purpose other than prescribed etc.
26
Substance use disorder
-refers to clinically significant abuse or dependency which includes psychological and physiological aspects of addiction
27
Substance use disorder criteria
-worsening physical health and/or mental health -failure to meet responsibilities -associated losses -problems in relationships
28
Mental health concerns and disorders
-substance use can contribute to the development and worsening of mental health problems including poor sleep, anxiety, depression and psychosis
29
Cognition and substance misuse
-associated with altered efficiency of brain functions -how you think, perceive and feel
30
Attention and substance misuse
-associated with reduced sustained attention, distraction and errors
31
Learning and substance misuse
-regular cannabis use an alcohol misuse is associated with poorer university performance and higher dropout rates
32
Motivation and substance misuse
-low drive and low motivation
33
What is the most commonly abused substance
-alcohol
34
Binge drinking
-consumption of excess alcohol at one point in time
35
How many drinks is considered binge drinking
-4 or more for women -5 or more for men
36
Negative outcomes of binge drinking
-risk of physical harm -blackouts, or forgetting what happened -hangovers -poor academic performance
37
What percent of university students binge drink
-30%
38
What percent of university students blackout from drinking
-29%
39
What percent of students did something they regretted while drinking
-38%
40
What percent of students sustained a drinking-related injury
-18%
41
How many students had unprotected sex while drinking
-24%
42
How much can your liver metabolize each hour
-1 ounce of alcohol -equivalent to 2/3 of a shot
43
Short term effects of alcohol
-slowed brain activity -slurred speech -unsteady balance -slowed physical and mental reaction time -confusion -poor judgement -poor sleep -dehydration etc.
44
Long term effects of alcohol
-arrhythmias -weakened immune system -disease of the liver -some forms of cancer -alcoholic dementia
45
What is the second most abused substance among youth
-cannabis
46
The endocannabinoid system
-the body has natural cannabinoids that act on receptors all over the body to promote normal functioning -this system is involved in appetite, pain, immune function, and well-being
47
Cannabis use and emerging adult brain
-regular use is associated with increased risk of worsening or new onset of mental health problems -decreased cognitive efficiency, memory, reaction time, and motivation
48
Long term effects of regular cannabis use
-increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, chronic obstructive lung disease, some forms of cancer
49
What is CBD
-second most abundant cannabinoid in the plant after THC
50
What are the potential therapeutic effects of CBD
-counterbalancing effects of THC -allieviating pain, movement disorders, nausea, and having a calming effect
51
What is a common stimulant of use by university students
-caffeine
52
Common reasons for caffeine use
-feel awake -relieve drowsiness -improve concentration -reduce stress etc.
53
Positive effects of caffeine
-moderate doses (1-2 cups) can increase well-being, happiness, energy, alertness, and sociability
54
What is the recommended amount of caffeine
-adolescents should not consume more than 100 mg per day -which is one regular size coffee -adults should not have more than 400 mg which is 4 cups of coffee
55
Length of effects of caffeine
-about 5 hours
56
Negative effects of caffeine
-high doses are likely to produce symptoms of anxiety, jitteriness, and upset stomach -can also cause insomnia, irritable mood, and lower energy
57
What are the most common symptoms of caffeine withdrawl
-headache -heart rate increase -changes in blood pressure -shakiness -reduced cognitive function
58
What is a non-medical prescription drug
-generally defined as use without a prescription or use for reasons other than what medication is intended
59
Examples of non-medical use of stimulants
-amphetamines -modavigil -methylphenidate
60
Why do university students misuse stimulant medication
-improve academic performance and social life -cope with stress -for recreation or down-time
61
Potential harms of misusing stimulants
-cardiovascular events -increased risk behaviours -poorer well-being -anxiety and agitation -poor concentration -sleep problems
62
Ketamine original use
-used for surgical anesthesia
63
Recreational effects of ketamine
-relaxation and happiness -hallucinations
64
Common names of ketamine
-special K -vitamin K -donkey dust
65
Effects of ketamine
-reduces sensations which can lead to injury -loss of ability to move and respond to environment
66
Recreational effects of MDMA
-feeling of increased energy -pleasure -emotional warmth -distorted sensory and time perception
67
Common names of MDMA
-molly -ecstacy
68
Effects of MDMA
-nausea -muscle cramping -faintness -blurred vision -chills and sweats -irritable mood -aggression -depression
69
Recreational effects of cocaine
-feeling of pleasure and energy -trains the brain to want more because of the high and crash after
70
Common names of cocaine
-crack -blow -coke -rock -snow
71
Effects of cocaine
-depression -restlessness -disrupted sleep -slowed thinking -feeling tired -increased appetite
72
Risk factors related to binge drinking
-accidents -bring more vulnerable to assault -acting out in aggression -poorer well-being -relationship problems -mental health problems
73
What is the only proven medical use of cannabis
-patients receiving chemotherapy to treat associated nausea and vomiting -in HIV patients to stimulate appetite -for the treatment of cancer or neuropathic pain
74
Use of cannabis during brain development
-may have particular negative impact on cognitive function
75
Disrupting natural endocannabinoids
-cannabis can alter brain activation patterns, which affects functions like memory and reduces efficiency of processes important for academic performance -use of external cannabis disrupts natural function of endocannabinoid system and interferes with the natural fine-tuning and regulation of brain development and function
76
Lower academic performance with stimulant medication use
-stimulant use may replace healthier and more effective studying/learning strategies despite their perceived increase in alertness
77
Mental and physical health risks with stimulant medication use
-psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia -serious heart problems -sudden death
78
What hormone does MDMA effect
-serotonin (5-HT)
79
What does serotonin (5-HT) effect
-problems with reward processing -thinking problems -mood problems
80
Cocaine effects
-cardiovascular problems -very high dependence liability
81
Cocaine effects cardiovascular problems
-heart attacks -intracerebral hemorrhages -strokes and seizures
82
Cocaine effects very high dependence liability
-addiction
83
1st effect of substance use in early adulthood
-substance use problems and other behavioural addictions
84
2nd effect of substance use in early adulthood
-mental health symptoms -anxiety -intrusive thoughts -sleep disturbances -depression
85
3rd effect of substance use in early adulthood
-alcohol/drug use behaviours with expectation of relief -compulsive eating -gambling and gaming
86
4th effect of substance use in early adulthood
-temporary lowered state of anxiety and distress
87
5th effect of substance use in early adulthood
-increased use of substances to regulate distress
88
Frequency related to cannabis use
-risk of developing psychosis may increase when cannabis is used more frequently, especially on a daily or near daily use
89
Age at first use related to cannabis use
-risk of developing psychosis may increase when cannabis use is initiated before the age of 16
90
Family history related to cannabis use
-persons with a family history of psychosis or schizophrenia who use cannabis are at greater risk of developing psychosis
91
How to reduce risk of substance use
-minimize frequency of use -use modest amounts -educate yourself -be aware -plan ahead
92
Minimize frequency of use
-minimize use during periods of critical brain development
93
Use modest amounts
-use wisely in modest amounts -avoid binge drinking
94
Educate yourself
-educate yourself on exactly what you are using and the potential risks
95
Be aware
-know what you are using each time you use a substance -are you confident that a substance has not been cut with a more dangerous substance
96
Plan ahead
-never use substances immediately before or during situations that require attention and alertness
97
Recommendations for reducing risk associated with cannabis use
-type of product -impairment -biological considerations -combination -method of intake
98
Type of product
-choosing low strength products -avoid the use high potency THC cannabis as use lead to severe health problems such as seizures, irregular heartbeat, hallucinations and in rare cases death
99
Impairment
-cannabis use impairs the ability to drive a car or operate machinery so avoiding these activities after using cannabis, or while still under the effects, is one way to minimize risk
100
Biological considerations
-using cannabis later in life will lower the risk of cannabis-related health problems -people with a personal or family history of psychosis or substance use problems -pregnant women should not use cannabis at all
101
Combination
-combining risky behaviours will only increase health harming effects of cannabis use -ex. cannabis and alcohol
102
Method of intake
-smoking cannabis, and practices such as inhaling deeply or holding the breath increase amount of toxins absorbed by the lungs -injecting cannabis is associated with variable absorption and elimination rates
103
Negative characteristics related to impaired functioning because of substance misuse
-difficulties coping with stress/avoids engagement -financial problems/legal repercussions -declining physical health/difficulties with work -declining mental health/difficulties in relationships -difficulties with academic studies
104
What may be included in difficulties coping with stress/avoiding engagement
-extracurriculars -life-fulfilling activities -social events
105
What may be included in financial problems/legal repercussions
-criminal charges related to intoxication/possession -fines/tickets
106
What may be included in declining physical health/difficulties at work
-problems with performance -missing shifts
107
What may be included in declining mental health/difficulties in relationships
-social withdrawal -increased arguments
108
What may be included in difficulties with academic studies
-low grades -missing class -trouble keeping up with assignments and readings

IDIS 199 (6 decks)

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