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IDIS 199 > Module 3: Alcohol, Recreational Drugs, and Mental Health > Flashcards

Module 3: Alcohol, Recreational Drugs, and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

-the central nervous consists of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-peripheral nervous system contains all nerve fibers outside of the CNS

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4
Q

What are neurons

A

-functional unit of the brain and are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

-projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons

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6
Q

Axon

A

-slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the next cell in the pathway

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

-fatty substance that surrounds nerve cells
-forms a sheath around the axon of the neuron, providing a layer of insulation and increasing rate of transmission along the axon

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8
Q

Synapse

A

-when electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, enters the synapse
-in this area it transfers from one neuron to the dendrites of a second neuron

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9
Q

Structure of the brain

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-responsible for higher level cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement

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11
Q

Parietal lobe

A

-processes information about temperature, taste, touch, and movement

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12
Q

Temporal lobe

A

-processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight, and touch

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13
Q

Occipital lobe

A

-primarily responsible for vision

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14
Q

What is the most important brain area that undergoes major development in early adulthood

A

-frontal lobe

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15
Q

What higher level cognitive abilities is the frontal lobe

A

-planning
-goal-directed behaviour
-decision-making
-complex problem-solving
-cognitive control

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16
Q

Grey matter

A

-mostly found within the cortex of the brain
-it contains neuronal cell bodies and synapses

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17
Q

White matter

A

-mostly found under the cortex and within the cerebrum
-contains myelinated axons

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18
Q

Brain development during early adulthood

A

-peaks in early to middle adulthood
-the amount of grey matter in the brain decreases, and the amount of white matter increases

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19
Q

Specific changes in the brain during adulthood

A

-increased synaptic pruning
-increased myelination
-improved connectivity

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20
Q

Increased synaptic pruning

A

-refers to process where extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency or neuronal transmission

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21
Q

Increased myelination

A

-humans are born with little to no myelin in the CNS
-occurs throughout childhood and into the period of accelerated growth seen during the late teens and early twenties

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22
Q

Improved connectivity

A

-critical for a variety of higher level functions such as learning new complex information, integrating new learning, and applying it

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23
Q

What is substance use

A

-refers to the use of a psychoactive substance
-can include caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs

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24
Q

What is substance misuse

A

-the use of a psychoactive substance in a way that causes concern and/or elevates the risk of reduced well being and poor mental health

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25
Q

What are examples of substance misuse

A

-regular or excessive use, or use when one should be in class, studying, or working
-use of medication for a purpose other than prescribed etc.

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26
Q

Substance use disorder

A

-refers to clinically significant abuse or dependency which includes psychological and physiological aspects of addiction

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27
Q

Substance use disorder criteria

A

-worsening physical health and/or mental health
-failure to meet responsibilities
-associated losses
-problems in relationships

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28
Q

Mental health concerns and disorders

A

-substance use can contribute to the development and worsening of mental health problems including poor sleep, anxiety, depression and psychosis

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29
Q

Cognition and substance misuse

A

-associated with altered efficiency of brain functions
-how you think, perceive and feel

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30
Q

Attention and substance misuse

A

-associated with reduced sustained attention, distraction and errors

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31
Q

Learning and substance misuse

A

-regular cannabis use an alcohol misuse is associated with poorer university performance and higher dropout rates

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32
Q

Motivation and substance misuse

A

-low drive and low motivation

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33
Q

What is the most commonly abused substance

A

-alcohol

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34
Q

Binge drinking

A

-consumption of excess alcohol at one point in time

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35
Q

How many drinks is considered binge drinking

A

-4 or more for women
-5 or more for men

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36
Q

Negative outcomes of binge drinking

A

-risk of physical harm
-blackouts, or forgetting what happened
-hangovers
-poor academic performance

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37
Q

What percent of university students binge drink

A

-30%

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38
Q

What percent of university students blackout from drinking

A

-29%

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39
Q

What percent of students did something they regretted while drinking

A

-38%

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40
Q

What percent of students sustained a drinking-related injury

A

-18%

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41
Q

How many students had unprotected sex while drinking

A

-24%

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42
Q

How much can your liver metabolize each hour

A

-1 ounce of alcohol
-equivalent to 2/3 of a shot

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43
Q

Short term effects of alcohol

A

-slowed brain activity
-slurred speech
-unsteady balance
-slowed physical and mental reaction time
-confusion
-poor judgement
-poor sleep
-dehydration etc.

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44
Q

Long term effects of alcohol

A

-arrhythmias
-weakened immune system
-disease of the liver
-some forms of cancer
-alcoholic dementia

45
Q

What is the second most abused substance among youth

A

-cannabis

46
Q

The endocannabinoid system

A

-the body has natural cannabinoids that act on receptors all over the body to promote normal functioning
-this system is involved in appetite, pain, immune function, and well-being

47
Q

Cannabis use and emerging adult brain

A

-regular use is associated with increased risk of worsening or new onset of mental health problems
-decreased cognitive efficiency, memory, reaction time, and motivation

48
Q

Long term effects of regular cannabis use

A

-increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, chronic obstructive lung disease, some forms of cancer

49
Q

What is CBD

A

-second most abundant cannabinoid in the plant after THC

50
Q

What are the potential therapeutic effects of CBD

A

-counterbalancing effects of THC
-allieviating pain, movement disorders, nausea, and having a calming effect

51
Q

What is a common stimulant of use by university students

A

-caffeine

52
Q

Common reasons for caffeine use

A

-feel awake
-relieve drowsiness
-improve concentration
-reduce stress etc.

53
Q

Positive effects of caffeine

A

-moderate doses (1-2 cups) can increase well-being, happiness, energy, alertness, and sociability

54
Q

What is the recommended amount of caffeine

A

-adolescents should not consume more than 100 mg per day
-which is one regular size coffee
-adults should not have more than 400 mg which is 4 cups of coffee

55
Q

Length of effects of caffeine

A

-about 5 hours

56
Q

Negative effects of caffeine

A

-high doses are likely to produce symptoms of anxiety, jitteriness, and upset stomach
-can also cause insomnia, irritable mood, and lower energy

57
Q

What are the most common symptoms of caffeine withdrawl

A

-headache
-heart rate increase
-changes in blood pressure
-shakiness
-reduced cognitive function

58
Q

What is a non-medical prescription drug

A

-generally defined as use without a prescription or use for reasons other than what medication is intended

59
Q

Examples of non-medical use of stimulants

A

-amphetamines
-modavigil
-methylphenidate

60
Q

Why do university students misuse stimulant medication

A

-improve academic performance and social life
-cope with stress
-for recreation or down-time

61
Q

Potential harms of misusing stimulants

A

-cardiovascular events
-increased risk behaviours
-poorer well-being
-anxiety and agitation
-poor concentration
-sleep problems

62
Q

Ketamine original use

A

-used for surgical anesthesia

63
Q

Recreational effects of ketamine

A

-relaxation and happiness
-hallucinations

64
Q

Common names of ketamine

A

-special K
-vitamin K
-donkey dust

65
Q

Effects of ketamine

A

-reduces sensations which can lead to injury
-loss of ability to move and respond to environment

66
Q

Recreational effects of MDMA

A

-feeling of increased energy
-pleasure
-emotional warmth
-distorted sensory and time perception

67
Q

Common names of MDMA

A

-molly
-ecstacy

68
Q

Effects of MDMA

A

-nausea
-muscle cramping
-faintness
-blurred vision
-chills and sweats
-irritable mood
-aggression
-depression

69
Q

Recreational effects of cocaine

A

-feeling of pleasure and energy
-trains the brain to want more because of the high and crash after

70
Q

Common names of cocaine

A

-crack
-blow
-coke
-rock
-snow

71
Q

Effects of cocaine

A

-depression
-restlessness
-disrupted sleep
-slowed thinking
-feeling tired
-increased appetite

72
Q

Risk factors related to binge drinking

A

-accidents
-bring more vulnerable to assault
-acting out in aggression
-poorer well-being
-relationship problems
-mental health problems

73
Q

What is the only proven medical use of cannabis

A

-patients receiving chemotherapy to treat associated nausea and vomiting
-in HIV patients to stimulate appetite
-for the treatment of cancer or neuropathic pain

74
Q

Use of cannabis during brain development

A

-may have particular negative impact on cognitive function

75
Q

Disrupting natural endocannabinoids

A

-cannabis can alter brain activation patterns, which affects functions like memory and reduces efficiency of processes important for academic performance
-use of external cannabis disrupts natural function of endocannabinoid system and interferes with the natural fine-tuning and regulation of brain development and function

76
Q

Lower academic performance with stimulant medication use

A

-stimulant use may replace healthier and more effective studying/learning strategies despite their perceived increase in alertness

77
Q

Mental and physical health risks with stimulant medication use

A

-psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia
-serious heart problems
-sudden death

78
Q

What hormone does MDMA effect

A

-serotonin (5-HT)

79
Q

What does serotonin (5-HT) effect

A

-problems with reward processing
-thinking problems
-mood problems

80
Q

Cocaine effects

A

-cardiovascular problems
-very high dependence liability

81
Q

Cocaine effects cardiovascular problems

A

-heart attacks
-intracerebral hemorrhages
-strokes and seizures

82
Q

Cocaine effects very high dependence liability

A

-addiction

83
Q

1st effect of substance use in early adulthood

A

-substance use problems and other behavioural addictions

84
Q

2nd effect of substance use in early adulthood

A

-mental health symptoms
-anxiety
-intrusive thoughts
-sleep disturbances
-depression

85
Q

3rd effect of substance use in early adulthood

A

-alcohol/drug use behaviours with expectation of relief
-compulsive eating
-gambling and gaming

86
Q

4th effect of substance use in early adulthood

A

-temporary lowered state of anxiety and distress

87
Q

5th effect of substance use in early adulthood

A

-increased use of substances to regulate distress

88
Q

Frequency related to cannabis use

A

-risk of developing psychosis may increase when cannabis is used more frequently, especially on a daily or near daily use

89
Q

Age at first use related to cannabis use

A

-risk of developing psychosis may increase when cannabis use is initiated before the age of 16

90
Q

Family history related to cannabis use

A

-persons with a family history of psychosis or schizophrenia who use cannabis are at greater risk of developing psychosis

91
Q

How to reduce risk of substance use

A

-minimize frequency of use
-use modest amounts
-educate yourself
-be aware
-plan ahead

92
Q

Minimize frequency of use

A

-minimize use during periods of critical brain development

93
Q

Use modest amounts

A

-use wisely in modest amounts
-avoid binge drinking

94
Q

Educate yourself

A

-educate yourself on exactly what you are using and the potential risks

95
Q

Be aware

A

-know what you are using each time you use a substance
-are you confident that a substance has not been cut with a more dangerous substance

96
Q

Plan ahead

A

-never use substances immediately before or during situations that require attention and alertness

97
Q

Recommendations for reducing risk associated with cannabis use

A

-type of product
-impairment
-biological considerations
-combination
-method of intake

98
Q

Type of product

A

-choosing low strength products
-avoid the use high potency THC cannabis as use lead to severe health problems such as seizures, irregular heartbeat, hallucinations and in rare cases death

99
Q

Impairment

A

-cannabis use impairs the ability to drive a car or operate machinery so avoiding these activities after using cannabis, or while still under the effects, is one way to minimize risk

100
Q

Biological considerations

A

-using cannabis later in life will lower the risk of cannabis-related health problems
-people with a personal or family history of psychosis or substance use problems
-pregnant women should not use cannabis at all

101
Q

Combination

A

-combining risky behaviours will only increase health harming effects of cannabis use
-ex. cannabis and alcohol

102
Q

Method of intake

A

-smoking cannabis, and practices such as inhaling deeply or holding the breath increase amount of toxins absorbed by the lungs
-injecting cannabis is associated with variable absorption and elimination rates

103
Q

Negative characteristics related to impaired functioning because of substance misuse

A

-difficulties coping with stress/avoids engagement
-financial problems/legal repercussions
-declining physical health/difficulties with work
-declining mental health/difficulties in relationships
-difficulties with academic studies

104
Q

What may be included in difficulties coping with stress/avoiding engagement

A

-extracurriculars
-life-fulfilling activities
-social events

105
Q

What may be included in financial problems/legal repercussions

A

-criminal charges related to intoxication/possession
-fines/tickets

106
Q

What may be included in declining physical health/difficulties at work

A

-problems with performance
-missing shifts

107
Q

What may be included in declining mental health/difficulties in relationships

A

-social withdrawal
-increased arguments

108
Q

What may be included in difficulties with academic studies

A

-low grades
-missing class
-trouble keeping up with assignments and readings

IDIS 199 (6 decks)

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