Module 3 Flashcards
Socialization
-The life long process though which people acquire norms, values, and a sense of self
~No individual is immune to the reactions of others. People influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course
~Socialization produces social control
-Every individual is born into an objective social structure within which they encounter significant others who are responsible for their socialization.
Primary socialization
-Occurs from infancy through childhood. We become a member of society
~Involves the initialization of the identities of their significant others in a variety of emotional ways
Secondary socialization
-Socialization from childhood through adult life
~The induction of a socialized individual into new sectors of the objective world of the society
~Example: Stanford Prison Experiment
*Status of prisoner or guard
~Is done with the help of “Agents of socialization”
Agents of Socialization
- The Family
- School
- Peers
- Workplace
- The Mass Media
Elements of Social Structure: Identity
- Identity
- Social identity
- Master status
- Self-identity
Identity
-The distinctive characteristics of a person's (or group's) character that relate to who a person is and what is meaningful to them ~Main sources of identity include gender, sexual orientation, nationally, race, ethnicity, and social class to name a few
Social identity
-The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others
Self-identity
-The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity though which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and out relationship to the world around us
Self-identity
-The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity though which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and out relationship to the world around us
The Life Course
-The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives
~Individuals pass through many key transitions or stages during the course of their lives
Socialization through the life course
- Childhood
- The teenager
- Young adult
- Midlife
- Later life
Charles Horton Cooley
-The “looking-glass” self
~The way in which a person’s sense of self develops from the interactions and perceptions of others
*Both face-to-face relationships but also from electronic media
*Looking for approval is motivational, fundamental human instinct
*Positive approval contributes to our sense of self/social belonging
Hypothesis
-Statement that proses a relationship between specific factors or variables
Variable
-Concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values
Correlation is not the same as cauastion
-Causal logic: relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other
Correlation
-Exist when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another
Spurious correlation
-Means an apparent, although false, associated between tow (or more) variables caused by some other variable
Independent variables
-Variables hypothesized to cause or influence another
Dependent varibles
-Increase in the level of inequality in society (causal claim) will lead to an increase in crime
Quantitative Methods
-Draws on objective and statistical data often focusing on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations
Qualitative Methods
-Relies on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation
Ethnography
-The systematic observation of people while joing in theri routine actions
~In-depth and open-ended interviews
~Researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, group, or activity
~Must gain trust and acceptance of the group/community
Surveys
-Method in which questionnaires are administered directly to a group of people or population
Sample
-A small-group of the overall population is selected to participate in the survey
Random sample
-Sampling method in which every member of the population has the same probability of being selected to participate
Experiments
-Research methods for investigating cause and effect in a controlled and systematic way
~Can be done in either artificial situations or in naturally occurring setting
~Experimental groups: receive some special attention based on researchers theory
~Control group: does not receive the special attention
Historical Comparative Analysis
-Seeks to explain large scale phenomenon by examining behaviors, attitudes, or other aspects of social life such as institutions, groups formation, economic systems, etc. across time and space
Ethical Questions
-Human subjects and ethical dilemmas ~Institutional Review Boards *Research must conform to ethical guidelines **Acquire informed consent **Minimize invasions of privacy **Minimize risks to participants **Ensure confidentiality **Avoid deception
