module 3 Flashcards
the heart
epicardium
the smooth mind/ membrain
endocardium
the smooth line/ membrane in the chambers of the heart and the surface of the values
myocardium
muscular tissue of the heart
pericardium
the membrane sac surrounding the heart
septum
separates the right and left of the heart
interatical septum
the upper part of this partition
interventicular septum
lower partition
right atrium
receives oxygenated venous blood
right ventricle
pump unoxygenated venous to the lungs
left atrum
receives blood high in oxygen contest as it returns from the lungs
left ventricle
has the thickest wall, pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
values
blood flow between the chambers is regulated by a system of one-way valves
tricuspid valve
closes when the right ventricle pumps to prevent backflow into the right atrium
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.When the right ventricle has emptied, this valve closes to prevent back
flow into the right ventricle.
mitral valve
Prevents blood from returning to the
(Bicuspid Valve) left atrium
bi= 2
aortic semiluar valve
Located between the left ventricle and the
aorta. Prevents return of aortic blood into
left ventricle.
pulmonary circuit
transports blood form the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygen and then returns blood to the left atrium.
systemic circuit
transports blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)
systole
active contraction(force pumping) phase
diastole
resting period
electric impulse
is needed to initiate rhythmical heart contractions
sinoatrial node (sa node)
pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
bundle of his
purkinje Fibers
endocarditis
inflammation of the heart lining
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle
pericarditis
inflammation of the surface
congenital heart disease
developmental abnormalities
Ventricular Septal Defects: (VSD)
a hole in the ventricular septum
Atrial Septal Defects: (ASD)
opening of the right and the left atria
Coarctation of the aorta:
A narrow fibrous constriction in the descending thoracic
aorta. An extracardiac abnormality.
Discussion of Coronary Heart Disease:
Includes myocardial blood supply
1. Right and left coronary arteries.
2. Circumflex coronary artery.
3. Left anterior descending artery
Degenerative Heart Disease:
Due to deterioration of tissue such as valves and muscle.
occlusion
angia pectoris
atherosclerosis ( plaques)
arteriosclerosis
coronary thrombosis
myocardial infraction
murmurs
auscultation
valvular insufficiency
valvular stenosis
stethoscope
electrocardiograph (EKG)
fluoroscope ( including cardiac catherization)
ultrasound (echocardiography)
various drugs
surgery
function of blood
blood is the chief means for transporting vital elements within the body, thus important for various body functions:
respiration
nutrition
excretion
protection
regulation
respiration
blood carries oxygen form the lungs to tissue and carries carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue to the lungs
nutrition
blood carries food substances from insistences to tissues
excretion
blood carries waste products from cells to organs to excretion
protection
blood carries defensive cells and antibodies to combat disease and infection
regulation
blood carries hormones and other chemical substances that regulate the function of organs. blood aids in the regulation of the body temperature, water balance and a constant environmental for cells.
plasma
is the liquid element and transports solid parts and nutrients
formed elements (corpuscles)
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
carries oxygen and gives blood its chiastic color
leukocyte (white blood cells)
serves as a defense mechanism of the body
platelets(thrombocytes)
brings out the process of clotting
amemias
a general condition in which the blood is lacking either in its normal number of RBC’S or in its overall quality.
blood loss anemias
anemia due to either acute or chronic blood loss
hemolytic anemias
involves the destruction of RBSs within the vascular system (for example, Sickle cell anemia: inherited disorder)
anemias with decreased RBC production
example: bone marrow fails to form enough RBCs
leukemia (neoplastic disease)
In this disease, there is a tremendous increase in WBC’s. Normal is 5,000 to 10,000 cells/cm mm. in leukemia 30,000 to 50,000 cells may be present.
hemorrhagic disease
Include a group of disorders characterized by an abnormal bleeding tendency. These are caused by a breakdown in the clotting mechanism.
example: hemophilia: blood fails to clot
- dental procedures
-cuts
arteries
transportation of oxygen and nutrients
veins
Collect oxygen and oxygenated blood to the heart
capillaries
connect arteries to veins
arterioles
small arteries that link to capillaries
venules
smallest veins receive blood from the capillaries
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure
vasodilation
opening and dilating from blood vessels decreases blood pressure
carotid
aortia arteries
brachial arteries
radial arteries
supplies blood to the lower arm
femoral arteries
provides blood to the lower extremities
jugular veins
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
femoral veins
saphenous venis
pulse
is the alternative contraction and dilation of the pumping of blood to the heart
areas for taking the pulse
temporal
carotid
apical
radial
femoral
popliteal
pedal
temporal
felt at temple of ear
carotid
felt at the side of the windpipe
apical ( not an artery)
pulse point on the chest at the bottom apex of the heart
radical
felt between the wrist bone and tendon
femoral
felt on the puvic bone and tendon on the thumb side
popliteal
groin crease
pedal
normal pulse rate for adult women
72-80
normal pulse rate for adult men
62-72
normal pulse rate for children
100-140
tachycardia
bradycardia
`
intermittent
irregular
thready
arteriography (discuss cerebal angiogram and carotid angiogram)
pulse
ultrasound
direct inspection
ophthalmoscope
diagnosis involving vessels
arteriography
pulse
ultrasound
direct inspection
ophthalmoscope
disorders involving blood vessels
1) Arteriosclerosis ( hardening)
atherosclerosis ( plaque)
thrombophlebitis (phlebrothrombosis):
thrombophlebitis (phlebrothrombosis):
blood clot in the vein causing inflammation and pain
thrombus: thrombi
blood clot
embolus: eboli
stasis
treatments involving blood disorders
anticoagulant drugs
various surgical procedures
ligation
embolectomy
ligation
closing off blood vessels
embolectomy
removal of the elbow
varicose veins
enlarged veins with damaged valves allow backflow
aortic aneurysms
enlargement of the portion of the aorta, life-threatening
causes of aneurysms
1) Arteriosclerosis (hardening)
2) Congenital defects of the arterial wall
3) Trauma
4) Infection (Necrosis)
hemorrhage
escape of blood from a ruptured vessel
classifications of a hemorrhage
external
internal
venous
arterial
capillary
external hemorrhage
break skin
internal hemorrhage
bleeding inside of the body (chest, belly)
venous hemorrhage
blood is dark, flawing steading from a wound pertaining to the vein
arterial hemorrhage
Blood squirting trauma to an artery
capillary hemorrhage
most common, skin is injured, all wounds less serious blood, oozes, flaws quickly, but easy control, skin is injured, all sounds less serious, blood oozes
pressure points
a pressure point is a location at which a main artery supplying a particular body area lies near the skin surface and over a boney
pressure points that are noted
temporal and scalp
lower face
neck
shoulder or upper arm, chest wall armpit
mid-upper arm, and elbow
leg
temporal or scalp
pressure on temporal artery
lower face
pressure on the facial artery
neck
pressure on the carotid artery
shoulder or upper arm , chest wall and armpit
pressure on the subclavian artery
mid-upper arm and elbow
pressure on the branchial artery
leg
pressure on the femoral artery
epistaxis
hematemesis
hematuria
blood in urine
hemoptysis
coughing/expectorating blood
hemothorax
blood collecting in plural space
hemostatic
slowly bleeding from the vessel cessation
shock
a condition in which the cardiovascular system fails to provide sufficient blood circulation to every part of the body.
CERTAIN CONDITIONS MUST BE MET IF CIRCULATION IS TO BE PROPERLY MAINTAINED
- Blood vessels must constantly change in size so that a balance is maintained in the system.
- The system must be completely filled with blood.
- The heart must continue to operate efficiently.
types and causes of shock
hemorrhagic
traumatic
neurogenic
cardiogenic
septic
metabolic
anaphylactic
surgical
respiratory
hypoglycemic
electric
hemorrhagic shock (hypovolemic)
caused by blood loss
ex: ectopic pregnancy
perforated ulcer
ruptured aneurysm
ectopic pregnancy
loss of pregnancy in the fallopian tube
perforated ulcer
thinning of the stomach lining
ruptured aneurysm
brain bleed
traumatic shock
severe injury or wound = inflammation
inflammation = vessels dialaiton
neurogenic shock
loss of control of the nervous system. Blood loss cannot change size in response to stimuli and remain widely dilated
psychogenic shock
commonly known as fainting. (syncope) sudden dilation of the blood vessels resulting in brain ischemia (lack of blood flow)
cardiogenic shock
inadequate functioning of the heart
septic shock
severe infection
vessels dilate and plasma is lost through their walls
metabolic shock
loss of bodily fluids and change in body chemistry (metabolism)
anaphylactic shock
severe allergic reaction
surgical shock
the following surgery was a traumatic shock
respiratory shock
caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood
hypoglycemic shock
low blood sugar
electric shock
result of the passage of electric current
symptoms of shock
eyes: dull, pupils may be dilated
skin: pale, cold, and clammy, cyanotic (blue)
respirations: shallow, irregular, labored
pulse: rapid, weak
blood pressure: low
the patient might experience
nausea
vomiting
collapse
anxiety
thirst
treatments for shock:
maintain airway
control hemorrhage
immobilize fracture
preserve normal body heat
control pain
position properly
replace fluids
various drugs
maintain airway
ventilation, intubation
control hemorrhage
immobilize fracture
cast, binding, splint
preserve normal body temperature
if the temperature is high, give Tylenol, Advil
if the temp is low, give heated blankets, stimulants
control pain
pain relief medication, Advil, tyne or prescription, oxycodone
position properly
on the back or elevated legs
replace fluids
various drugs
blood pressure (bp)
refers to the force exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vessels as it flows through them
blood pressure gradient
refers to the difference in pressure in arteries, veins, and capillaries
arterial blood pressure depends upon:
force of heartbeat (cardiac output)
volume of blood in the circulatory system
resistance in the blood vessels
vasoconstriction
high blood pressure
vasodilatation
low blood pressure
cardiac output
force of heartbeat
factors that influence blood pressure
age: lower in children, increases with age
gender: men have it higher than women
body build: obese/ higher blood pressure
exercise: high temporarily
pain: dilate/construction vessel the brain controls the
emotion: higher blood pressure
certain disease: circulatory( heart disease, malformation)
drugs: vaso constructors/dilators
hemorrhage: low blood pressure of blood volume(trauma)
intracranial pressure: build up of csf puts pressure on vessels
shock: low blood pressure due to dilation of vessels
systolic pressure (systole)
the maximum pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts and pumps blood out
diastolic pressure(diastole)
methods of taking blood pressure
palpatory method
auscultatory method
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
an instrument used to record arterial blood pressure
palpatory method
Auscultatory method
keeping stethoscope over the braradial artery and increasing bp cuffs to higher than Syst. pressure from palpatory. listening to the korragorlr gurgles
types of hypertension
primary hypertension: (essential or idiopathic)
secondary hypertension
Theories of causation:
a. Vasoconstrictor impulses include
Hormonal imbalance:
Psychogenic factors: stress and anxiety
b. Inherited factors: hereditary - diabetes
c. Obesity: overweight cardiovascular stress - possible high blood pressure
d. Diet: high sodium/ salts, high caffeine, high fats
2. Secondary: has a known cause of high blood pressure that doesn’t respond to meds endocrine
EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION ON THE FOLLOWING:
- Heart: increases work overload can cause a structural and functional change in my cardiogram - heart disease
- Brain: can lead to stroke/brain damage, mental / anxiety, and feelings of stress
- Kidneys: damage to kidney - nephrons-arteries around the kidneys narrow/weaken/harden- (chronic) urinary output high
- Peripheral areas:
a. Intermittent claudication: lower extremities skeletal pain PVD vascular
b. Epistaxis:
c. Hemoptysis: pulmonary hypertension - vascular neptune- possible (pe)
d. Metrorrhagia: abnormal bleeding from the uterus (irregular ) in between periods
prognosis
treatment for hypertension
VENTILATION:
Refers to the MOVEMENT of air to and from the Alveoli, or air sacs of the lungs, and the mixing of gases.
hypotension
Respiratory system
Respiratory system is an intricate arrangement of spaces, passageways
and organs, which serve to conduct air into the lungs, supply oxygen to individual tissue cells and to remove gaseous waste. (Carbon dioxide.)
RESPIRATION
Refers to the EXCHANGE of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (The actual absorption and utilization of oxygen.)
internal respiration (also called cellular
Respiration.)
Refers to gas exchanges within the body cells. Oxygen leaves the blood and enters cells while carbon dioxide leaves the cells and
enters the blood.
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
Takes place only in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen from outside air enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
EUPNEA: (EU = Normal + pnea = breathing)
Eupnea means normal breathing or normal respiration.
THERE ARE (3) PORTIONS TO THE PHARYNX:
- NASOPHARYNX: Upper portion that is located behind the nasal
cavity. - OROPHARYNX: Middle section that is located behind the mouth.
- LARYNGEAL PHARYNX: Lowest area that opens into (2) spaces:
a. Air passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
b. Food passageway from mouth to esophagus
NASAL CAVITIES (First entrance of air)
The lining of nasal cavities contains many blood vessels. Blood brings heat and moisture to this lining, which is also called mucosa. The nasal cavities then filter, warm, & moisten the air.
PHARYNX
A space that is common to the digestive system and the respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory tract.
larynx (Voice box)
Adam’s apple in the male
trachea
Windpipe - Extends from the lower end of the larynx
to the center of the chest behind the heart.
bronchi
The trachea divides into (2) bronchi. These are
(2) main tubes entering each lung. Each bronchus
divides into a bronchial tree
bronchioles
smallest terminals of the bronchial tree
lungs
LUNGS: (3) lobes on the right and (2) lobes on the
left. Approximately 10 segments in each lung
alveoli
Air sacs resembling grapes, located at the end
of the bronchioles
mediastinum
Is the space between the lungs that contains the
following:
Heart and great vessels
A portion of the trachea
A portion of the esophagus
Thoracic veins
Lymph nodes and nerves
normal birth rates
Birth - 40-60 breaths/minute
Children - average 25 breaths/minute
Adolescent - average 20 breaths/minute
Adult - average 16-20 breaths/minute
Elderly - average 14-16 breaths/minute
Count each inspiration and expiration as (1) breath. Breathing is both voluntary and involuntary, so try to observe patient’s breathing without their knowledge. Remember count for 1 full minute.
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing depth not changed, but rate is more than 24 cycles/min. May be seen in states of fear or passion
Bradypnea
Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing. No significant change in depth. Rate is less than 10 cycles/min. May be
seen following the administration of CNS depressants
Hypopnea
Breathing greatly reduced in depth. Sleep or poor
posture could produce this type of breathing pattern
Polypnea
A striking increase in both rate and depth of breathing, as in panting
Hyperpnea
Abnormally deep breathing. Implies depth of
breathing. A certain degree is normal after
exercise
oligopnea
Both rate and depth of breathing are reduced, as in
trauma of the brain, drug poisoning and shock
Dyspnea
Difficult, painful, or labored breathing
Orthopnea
Breathing is possible only when person sits or stands
in an erect position as in congestive heart failure
Apnea
Cessation of respirations
Anoxia (also called hypoxia)
Not a symptom, but a condition that means a lack
of oxygen.
Hyaline membrane disease
(Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Infant is born prematurely before lung tissue
is sufficiently developed. A membrane of
precipitated protein forms on the lining of
air sacs. Infant appears to be breathing well at
birth then literally suffocates
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the lining of the sinuses
rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
Tracheitis
Inflammation of the trachea
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Pneumonopathy
Any disease of the lung
Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane
chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.) or Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (C.O.L.D.)
These are diseases that obstruct the pathway of normal ventilation. This can result from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic asthma or chronic bronchiolitis
Emphysema
Over expansion of the lungs. Alveoli become distended.
Elasticity of the alveoli is destroyed. Alveoli will not recoil with exhalation, so more and more air becomes trapped. Carbon dioxide is also trapped in the alveoli and blood. This in turn stimulates the respiratory center. Patient develops low blood oxygen; shortness of breath, and the
chest wall is expanded
Asthma: (Panting) Another C.O.P.D.
This is a generalized spasm of the bronchioles (Bronchospasm.) The spasm causes (difficulty) breathing, dyspnea, and wheezing. Bronchioles become thickened and produce excess mucus
one in and out equals
one breath
two types of asthma
allergic asthma (extrinsic) external
non- allergic asthma(intrinsic) internal
allergic asthma
due to the inhalation of allergens such as ragweed, pollen, house dust, cats, etc
non-allergic asthma
can be associated with heart failure and inflammation of the lung
bronchostenosis
narrowing of the bronchial tubes
bronchogenic
originating in the bronchi (genesis)
Pneumonia: Lobar Pneumonia:
Involves an area of a lung, often a single lobe. Usually caused by streptococcus pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Patchy distribution throughout the lung.
Obstruction of small Bronchi with subsequent
bacterial invasion
Atelectasis
The opposite of emphysema. This means an airless - collapsed lung
the causes of atelectasis
- External pressure on the lung due to fluid or air in the pleural space, tumors, aneurysms.
- Obstruction of a bronchus:
a. Foreign bodies
b. Mucous plugs due to excessive secretions
c. Post-operative complications:
1.Retained secretions
2.Narcotics or anesthesia
3.Pain - Patient will not cough
4.Patient is not turned from side to side
Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (C.R.P.D.)
Respiratory diseases that restrict movement of the thorax and/or lungs.
Kyphoscoliosis
An abnormal convex curvature of the spine.
