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allied health science > module 3 > Flashcards

module 3 Flashcards

the heart

1
Q

epicardium

A

the smooth mind/ membrain

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2
Q

endocardium

A

the smooth line/ membrane in the chambers of the heart and the surface of the values

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3
Q

myocardium

A

muscular tissue of the heart

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4
Q

pericardium

A

the membrane sac surrounding the heart

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5
Q

septum

A

separates the right and left of the heart

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6
Q

interatical septum

A

the upper part of this partition

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7
Q

interventicular septum

A

lower partition

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8
Q

right atrium

A

receives oxygenated venous blood

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9
Q

right ventricle

A

pump unoxygenated venous to the lungs

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10
Q

left atrum

A

receives blood high in oxygen contest as it returns from the lungs

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11
Q

left ventricle

A

has the thickest wall, pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

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12
Q

values

A

blood flow between the chambers is regulated by a system of one-way valves

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13
Q

tricuspid valve

A

closes when the right ventricle pumps to prevent backflow into the right atrium

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14
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.When the right ventricle has emptied, this valve closes to prevent back
flow into the right ventricle.

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15
Q

mitral valve

A

Prevents blood from returning to the
(Bicuspid Valve) left atrium
bi= 2

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16
Q

aortic semiluar valve

A

Located between the left ventricle and the
aorta. Prevents return of aortic blood into
left ventricle.

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17
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

transports blood form the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygen and then returns blood to the left atrium.

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18
Q

systemic circuit

A

transports blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)

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19
Q

systole

A

active contraction(force pumping) phase

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20
Q

diastole

A

resting period

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21
Q

electric impulse

A

is needed to initiate rhythmical heart contractions

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22
Q

sinoatrial node (sa node)
pacemaker of the heart

A
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23
Q

atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

A
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24
Q

bundle of his

A
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25
Q

purkinje Fibers

A
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26
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart lining

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27
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle

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28
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the surface

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29
Q

congenital heart disease

A

developmental abnormalities

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30
Q

Ventricular Septal Defects: (VSD)

A

a hole in the ventricular septum

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31
Q

Atrial Septal Defects: (ASD)

A

opening of the right and the left atria

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32
Q

Coarctation of the aorta:

A

A narrow fibrous constriction in the descending thoracic
aorta. An extracardiac abnormality.

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33
Q

Discussion of Coronary Heart Disease:

A

Includes myocardial blood supply
1. Right and left coronary arteries.
2. Circumflex coronary artery.
3. Left anterior descending artery

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34
Q

Degenerative Heart Disease:

A

Due to deterioration of tissue such as valves and muscle.

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35
Q

occlusion

A
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36
Q

angia pectoris

A
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37
Q

atherosclerosis ( plaques)

A
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38
Q

arteriosclerosis

A
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39
Q

coronary thrombosis

A
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40
Q

myocardial infraction

A
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41
Q

murmurs

A
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42
Q

auscultation

A
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43
Q

valvular insufficiency

A
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44
Q

valvular stenosis

A
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45
Q

stethoscope

A
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46
Q

electrocardiograph (EKG)

A
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47
Q

fluoroscope ( including cardiac catherization)

A
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48
Q

ultrasound (echocardiography)

A
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49
Q

various drugs

A
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50
Q

surgery

A
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51
Q

function of blood

A

blood is the chief means for transporting vital elements within the body, thus important for various body functions:
respiration
nutrition
excretion
protection
regulation

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52
Q

respiration

A

blood carries oxygen form the lungs to tissue and carries carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue to the lungs

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53
Q

nutrition

A

blood carries food substances from insistences to tissues

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54
Q

excretion

A

blood carries waste products from cells to organs to excretion

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55
Q

protection

A

blood carries defensive cells and antibodies to combat disease and infection

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56
Q

regulation

A

blood carries hormones and other chemical substances that regulate the function of organs. blood aids in the regulation of the body temperature, water balance and a constant environmental for cells.

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57
Q

plasma

A

is the liquid element and transports solid parts and nutrients

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58
Q

formed elements (corpuscles)

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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59
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

carries oxygen and gives blood its chiastic color

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60
Q

leukocyte (white blood cells)

A

serves as a defense mechanism of the body

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61
Q

platelets(thrombocytes)

A

brings out the process of clotting

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62
Q

amemias

A

a general condition in which the blood is lacking either in its normal number of RBC’S or in its overall quality.

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63
Q

blood loss anemias

A

anemia due to either acute or chronic blood loss

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64
Q

hemolytic anemias

A

involves the destruction of RBSs within the vascular system (for example, Sickle cell anemia: inherited disorder)

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65
Q

anemias with decreased RBC production

A

example: bone marrow fails to form enough RBCs

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66
Q

leukemia (neoplastic disease)

A

In this disease, there is a tremendous increase in WBC’s. Normal is 5,000 to 10,000 cells/cm mm. in leukemia 30,000 to 50,000 cells may be present.

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67
Q

hemorrhagic disease

A

Include a group of disorders characterized by an abnormal bleeding tendency. These are caused by a breakdown in the clotting mechanism.
example: hemophilia: blood fails to clot
- dental procedures
-cuts

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68
Q

arteries

A

transportation of oxygen and nutrients

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69
Q

veins

A

Collect oxygen and oxygenated blood to the heart

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70
Q

capillaries

A

connect arteries to veins

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71
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that link to capillaries

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72
Q

venules

A

smallest veins receive blood from the capillaries

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73
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure

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74
Q

vasodilation

A

opening and dilating from blood vessels decreases blood pressure

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75
Q

carotid

A
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75
Q

aortia arteries

A
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76
Q

brachial arteries

A
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77
Q

radial arteries

A

supplies blood to the lower arm

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78
Q

femoral arteries

A

provides blood to the lower extremities

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79
Q

jugular veins

A
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80
Q

superior vena cava & inferior vena cava

A
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81
Q

femoral veins

A
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82
Q

saphenous venis

A
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83
Q

pulse

A

is the alternative contraction and dilation of the pumping of blood to the heart

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84
Q

areas for taking the pulse

A

temporal
carotid
apical
radial
femoral
popliteal
pedal

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85
Q

temporal

A

felt at temple of ear

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86
Q

carotid

A

felt at the side of the windpipe

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87
Q

apical ( not an artery)

A

pulse point on the chest at the bottom apex of the heart

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88
Q

radical

A

felt between the wrist bone and tendon

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89
Q

femoral

A

felt on the puvic bone and tendon on the thumb side

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90
Q

popliteal

A

groin crease

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91
Q

pedal

A
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92
Q

normal pulse rate for adult women

A

72-80

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93
Q

normal pulse rate for adult men

A

62-72

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94
Q

normal pulse rate for children

A

100-140

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95
Q

tachycardia

A
96
Q

bradycardia

A

`

97
Q

intermittent

A
98
Q

irregular

A
99
Q

thready

A
100
Q

arteriography (discuss cerebal angiogram and carotid angiogram)

A
101
Q

pulse

A
102
Q

ultrasound

A
103
Q

direct inspection

A
104
Q

ophthalmoscope

A
105
Q

diagnosis involving vessels

A

arteriography
pulse
ultrasound
direct inspection
ophthalmoscope

106
Q

disorders involving blood vessels

A

1) Arteriosclerosis ( hardening)
atherosclerosis ( plaque)
thrombophlebitis (phlebrothrombosis):

107
Q

thrombophlebitis (phlebrothrombosis):

A

blood clot in the vein causing inflammation and pain

108
Q

thrombus: thrombi

A

blood clot

109
Q

embolus: eboli

A
110
Q

stasis

A
111
Q

treatments involving blood disorders

A

anticoagulant drugs

112
Q

various surgical procedures

A

ligation
embolectomy

113
Q

ligation

A

closing off blood vessels

114
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of the elbow

115
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged veins with damaged valves allow backflow

116
Q

aortic aneurysms

A

enlargement of the portion of the aorta, life-threatening

117
Q

causes of aneurysms

A

1) Arteriosclerosis (hardening)
2) Congenital defects of the arterial wall
3) Trauma
4) Infection (Necrosis)

118
Q

hemorrhage

A

escape of blood from a ruptured vessel

119
Q

classifications of a hemorrhage

A

external
internal
venous
arterial
capillary

120
Q

external hemorrhage

A

break skin

121
Q

internal hemorrhage

A

bleeding inside of the body (chest, belly)

122
Q

venous hemorrhage

A

blood is dark, flawing steading from a wound pertaining to the vein

123
Q

arterial hemorrhage

A

Blood squirting trauma to an artery

124
Q

capillary hemorrhage

A

most common, skin is injured, all wounds less serious blood, oozes, flaws quickly, but easy control, skin is injured, all sounds less serious, blood oozes

125
Q

pressure points

A

a pressure point is a location at which a main artery supplying a particular body area lies near the skin surface and over a boney

126
Q

pressure points that are noted

A

temporal and scalp
lower face
neck
shoulder or upper arm, chest wall armpit
mid-upper arm, and elbow
leg

127
Q

temporal or scalp

A

pressure on temporal artery

128
Q

lower face

A

pressure on the facial artery

129
Q

neck

A

pressure on the carotid artery

130
Q

shoulder or upper arm , chest wall and armpit

A

pressure on the subclavian artery

131
Q

mid-upper arm and elbow

A

pressure on the branchial artery

132
Q

leg

A

pressure on the femoral artery

133
Q

epistaxis

A
134
Q

hematemesis

A
135
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

136
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing/expectorating blood

137
Q

hemothorax

A

blood collecting in plural space

138
Q

hemostatic

A

slowly bleeding from the vessel cessation

139
Q

shock

A

a condition in which the cardiovascular system fails to provide sufficient blood circulation to every part of the body.

140
Q

CERTAIN CONDITIONS MUST BE MET IF CIRCULATION IS TO BE PROPERLY MAINTAINED

A
  1. Blood vessels must constantly change in size so that a balance is maintained in the system.
  2. The system must be completely filled with blood.
  3. The heart must continue to operate efficiently.
141
Q

types and causes of shock

A

hemorrhagic
traumatic
neurogenic
cardiogenic
septic
metabolic
anaphylactic
surgical
respiratory
hypoglycemic
electric

142
Q

hemorrhagic shock (hypovolemic)

A

caused by blood loss
ex: ectopic pregnancy
perforated ulcer
ruptured aneurysm

142
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

loss of pregnancy in the fallopian tube

143
Q

perforated ulcer

A

thinning of the stomach lining

144
Q

ruptured aneurysm

A

brain bleed

145
Q

traumatic shock

A

severe injury or wound = inflammation
inflammation = vessels dialaiton

146
Q

neurogenic shock

A

loss of control of the nervous system. Blood loss cannot change size in response to stimuli and remain widely dilated

147
Q

psychogenic shock

A

commonly known as fainting. (syncope) sudden dilation of the blood vessels resulting in brain ischemia (lack of blood flow)

148
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

inadequate functioning of the heart

148
Q

septic shock

A

severe infection
vessels dilate and plasma is lost through their walls

149
Q

metabolic shock

A

loss of bodily fluids and change in body chemistry (metabolism)

150
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

severe allergic reaction

151
Q

surgical shock

A

the following surgery was a traumatic shock

152
Q

respiratory shock

A

caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood

153
Q

hypoglycemic shock

A

low blood sugar

154
Q

electric shock

A

result of the passage of electric current

155
Q

symptoms of shock

A

eyes: dull, pupils may be dilated
skin: pale, cold, and clammy, cyanotic (blue)
respirations: shallow, irregular, labored
pulse: rapid, weak
blood pressure: low
the patient might experience
nausea
vomiting
collapse
anxiety
thirst

156
Q

treatments for shock:

A

maintain airway
control hemorrhage
immobilize fracture
preserve normal body heat
control pain
position properly
replace fluids
various drugs

157
Q

maintain airway

A

ventilation, intubation

158
Q

control hemorrhage

A
159
Q

immobilize fracture

A

cast, binding, splint

160
Q

preserve normal body temperature

A

if the temperature is high, give Tylenol, Advil
if the temp is low, give heated blankets, stimulants

161
Q

control pain

A

pain relief medication, Advil, tyne or prescription, oxycodone

162
Q

position properly

A

on the back or elevated legs

163
Q

replace fluids

A
164
Q

various drugs

A
165
Q

blood pressure (bp)

A

refers to the force exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vessels as it flows through them

166
Q

blood pressure gradient

A

refers to the difference in pressure in arteries, veins, and capillaries

167
Q

arterial blood pressure depends upon:

A

force of heartbeat (cardiac output)
volume of blood in the circulatory system
resistance in the blood vessels

168
Q

vasoconstriction

A

high blood pressure

169
Q

vasodilatation

A

low blood pressure

170
Q

cardiac output

A

force of heartbeat

171
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

A

age: lower in children, increases with age
gender: men have it higher than women
body build: obese/ higher blood pressure
exercise: high temporarily
pain: dilate/construction vessel the brain controls the
emotion: higher blood pressure
certain disease: circulatory( heart disease, malformation)
drugs: vaso constructors/dilators
hemorrhage: low blood pressure of blood volume(trauma)
intracranial pressure: build up of csf puts pressure on vessels
shock: low blood pressure due to dilation of vessels

172
Q

systolic pressure (systole)

A

the maximum pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts and pumps blood out

173
Q

diastolic pressure(diastole)

A
174
Q

methods of taking blood pressure

A

palpatory method
auscultatory method

174
Q

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

A

an instrument used to record arterial blood pressure

175
Q

palpatory method

A
176
Q

Auscultatory method

A

keeping stethoscope over the braradial artery and increasing bp cuffs to higher than Syst. pressure from palpatory. listening to the korragorlr gurgles

177
Q

types of hypertension

A

primary hypertension: (essential or idiopathic)
secondary hypertension

178
Q

Theories of causation:

A

a. Vasoconstrictor impulses include
Hormonal imbalance:
Psychogenic factors: stress and anxiety
b. Inherited factors: hereditary - diabetes
c. Obesity: overweight cardiovascular stress - possible high blood pressure
d. Diet: high sodium/ salts, high caffeine, high fats
2. Secondary: has a known cause of high blood pressure that doesn’t respond to meds endocrine

179
Q

EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION ON THE FOLLOWING:

A
  1. Heart: increases work overload can cause a structural and functional change in my cardiogram - heart disease
  2. Brain: can lead to stroke/brain damage, mental / anxiety, and feelings of stress
  3. Kidneys: damage to kidney - nephrons-arteries around the kidneys narrow/weaken/harden- (chronic) urinary output high
  4. Peripheral areas:
    a. Intermittent claudication: lower extremities skeletal pain PVD vascular
    b. Epistaxis:
    c. Hemoptysis: pulmonary hypertension - vascular neptune- possible (pe)
    d. Metrorrhagia: abnormal bleeding from the uterus (irregular ) in between periods
180
Q

prognosis

A
181
Q

treatment for hypertension

A
182
Q

VENTILATION:

A

Refers to the MOVEMENT of air to and from the Alveoli, or air sacs of the lungs, and the mixing of gases.

182
Q

hypotension

A
183
Q

Respiratory system

A

Respiratory system is an intricate arrangement of spaces, passageways
and organs, which serve to conduct air into the lungs, supply oxygen to individual tissue cells and to remove gaseous waste. (Carbon dioxide.)

184
Q

RESPIRATION

A

Refers to the EXCHANGE of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (The actual absorption and utilization of oxygen.)

184
Q

internal respiration (also called cellular
Respiration.)

A

Refers to gas exchanges within the body cells. Oxygen leaves the blood and enters cells while carbon dioxide leaves the cells and
enters the blood.

185
Q

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:

A

Takes place only in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen from outside air enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.

186
Q

EUPNEA: (EU = Normal + pnea = breathing)

A

Eupnea means normal breathing or normal respiration.

187
Q

THERE ARE (3) PORTIONS TO THE PHARYNX:

A
  1. NASOPHARYNX: Upper portion that is located behind the nasal
    cavity.
  2. OROPHARYNX: Middle section that is located behind the mouth.
  3. LARYNGEAL PHARYNX: Lowest area that opens into (2) spaces:
    a. Air passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
    b. Food passageway from mouth to esophagus
188
Q

NASAL CAVITIES (First entrance of air)

A

The lining of nasal cavities contains many blood vessels. Blood brings heat and moisture to this lining, which is also called mucosa. The nasal cavities then filter, warm, & moisten the air.

189
Q

PHARYNX

A

A space that is common to the digestive system and the respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory tract.

190
Q

larynx (Voice box)

A

Adam’s apple in the male

191
Q

trachea

A

Windpipe - Extends from the lower end of the larynx
to the center of the chest behind the heart.

192
Q

bronchi

A

The trachea divides into (2) bronchi. These are
(2) main tubes entering each lung. Each bronchus
divides into a bronchial tree

193
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest terminals of the bronchial tree

194
Q

lungs

A

LUNGS: (3) lobes on the right and (2) lobes on the
left. Approximately 10 segments in each lung

195
Q

alveoli

A

Air sacs resembling grapes, located at the end
of the bronchioles

196
Q

mediastinum

A

Is the space between the lungs that contains the
following:
Heart and great vessels
A portion of the trachea
A portion of the esophagus
Thoracic veins
Lymph nodes and nerves

197
Q

normal birth rates

A

Birth - 40-60 breaths/minute
Children - average 25 breaths/minute
Adolescent - average 20 breaths/minute
Adult - average 16-20 breaths/minute
Elderly - average 14-16 breaths/minute
Count each inspiration and expiration as (1) breath. Breathing is both voluntary and involuntary, so try to observe patient’s breathing without their knowledge. Remember count for 1 full minute.

198
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing depth not changed, but rate is more than 24 cycles/min. May be seen in states of fear or passion

199
Q

Bradypnea

A

Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing. No significant change in depth. Rate is less than 10 cycles/min. May be
seen following the administration of CNS depressants

200
Q

Hypopnea

A

Breathing greatly reduced in depth. Sleep or poor
posture could produce this type of breathing pattern

201
Q

Polypnea

A

A striking increase in both rate and depth of breathing, as in panting

202
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Abnormally deep breathing. Implies depth of
breathing. A certain degree is normal after
exercise

203
Q

oligopnea

A

Both rate and depth of breathing are reduced, as in
trauma of the brain, drug poisoning and shock

204
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult, painful, or labored breathing

205
Q

Orthopnea

A

Breathing is possible only when person sits or stands
in an erect position as in congestive heart failure

206
Q

Apnea

A

Cessation of respirations

207
Q

Anoxia (also called hypoxia)

A

Not a symptom, but a condition that means a lack
of oxygen.

208
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

(Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Infant is born prematurely before lung tissue
is sufficiently developed. A membrane of
precipitated protein forms on the lining of
air sacs. Infant appears to be breathing well at
birth then literally suffocates

209
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the sinuses

210
Q

rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

211
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

212
Q

Tracheitis

A

Inflammation of the trachea

213
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

214
Q

Pneumonopathy

A

Any disease of the lung

215
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation of the lung

216
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane

217
Q

chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.) or Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (C.O.L.D.)

A

These are diseases that obstruct the pathway of normal ventilation. This can result from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic asthma or chronic bronchiolitis

218
Q

Emphysema

A

Over expansion of the lungs. Alveoli become distended.
Elasticity of the alveoli is destroyed. Alveoli will not recoil with exhalation, so more and more air becomes trapped. Carbon dioxide is also trapped in the alveoli and blood. This in turn stimulates the respiratory center. Patient develops low blood oxygen; shortness of breath, and the
chest wall is expanded

219
Q
A
220
Q

Asthma: (Panting) Another C.O.P.D.

A

This is a generalized spasm of the bronchioles (Bronchospasm.) The spasm causes (difficulty) breathing, dyspnea, and wheezing. Bronchioles become thickened and produce excess mucus

221
Q

one in and out equals

A

one breath

222
Q

two types of asthma

A

allergic asthma (extrinsic) external
non- allergic asthma(intrinsic) internal

223
Q

allergic asthma

A

due to the inhalation of allergens such as ragweed, pollen, house dust, cats, etc

224
Q

non-allergic asthma

A

can be associated with heart failure and inflammation of the lung

224
Q

bronchostenosis

A

narrowing of the bronchial tubes

225
Q

bronchogenic

A

originating in the bronchi (genesis)

226
Q

Pneumonia: Lobar Pneumonia:

A

Involves an area of a lung, often a single lobe. Usually caused by streptococcus pneumonia

227
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Patchy distribution throughout the lung.
Obstruction of small Bronchi with subsequent
bacterial invasion

228
Q

Atelectasis

A

The opposite of emphysema. This means an airless - collapsed lung

229
Q

the causes of atelectasis

A
  1. External pressure on the lung due to fluid or air in the pleural space, tumors, aneurysms.
  2. Obstruction of a bronchus:
    a. Foreign bodies
    b. Mucous plugs due to excessive secretions
    c. Post-operative complications:
    1.Retained secretions
    2.Narcotics or anesthesia
    3.Pain - Patient will not cough
    4.Patient is not turned from side to side
230
Q

Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (C.R.P.D.)

A

Respiratory diseases that restrict movement of the thorax and/or lungs.

231
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

An abnormal convex curvature of the spine.

232
Q
A

allied health science (12 decks)

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