module 25 - encoding: getting info in Flashcards
w/o conscious effort, we automatically process info about what?
- space - encode the place on a page where certain materials appear when reading a txtbook
- time - note the sequence of the day’s events
- frequency - how many times things happen
define:
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- often produces durable and accessible memories
define:
rehearsal (aka. conscious repetition)
the conscious repetition of info to maintain it in the consciousness or to encode it for storage
what did Herman Ebbinghaus discover?
the principal that the amount of remembered depends on the time spent learning
- i.e additional rehearsal/overlearning increases retention
define:
next in line effect
when we are next in line, we focus on our own performance and often fail to process the last person’s words
define:
spacing effect
distributing rehearsal over time can help retain info better
define:
serial position effect
the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle
define:
visual encoding
encoding of picture images
define:
acoustic encoding
encoding of sound, especially sound of words
define:
semantic encoding
encoding of meaning, includes meaning of words
define:
self reference effect
we recall info better when we relate it to ourselves or that is relevant to us
define:
rosy retrospection
people tend to recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time
define:
mnemonic
memory aids, those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
- aids our recall of unfamiliar material
what is the mnemonic device called “method of loci”?
when the individual imaged themselves in certain locations and when asked to recall, they would mentally revisit the location and retrieve the associated image
what is the mnemonic device called “peg-word” system?
requires that you memorize a jingle/slogan/verse
