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AP PSYCHOLOGY > module 1 - history and scope of psych > Flashcards

module 1 - history and scope of psych Flashcards

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1
Q

modern definition:

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

definition:

behavior

A

anything an organism does / any action that can be observed and recorded

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3
Q

definition:

mental processes

A

internal, subjective experiences that can be inferred from behavior

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4
Q

example:

behavior

A

smiling, yelling, sweating, talking

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5
Q

example:

mental processes

A

dreams, beliefs, thoughts, feelings

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6
Q

what does psychology try to do?

A

attempts to describe and explain human nature by evaluating competing ideas with observations and rigorous analysis

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7
Q

where do the roots of psych trace back to?

A

India, China, the Middle East, and Europe

- the scholars were trying to understand how the mind works and the body’s relation to it

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8
Q

what did buddha and Confucius focus on?

A

powers and origin of ideas

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9
Q

who was Socrates?

A

a philosopher-teacher

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10
Q

who was Plato?

A

a student of Socrates

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11
Q

what did Socrates and Plato conclude?

A
  1. the mind is separable from the body and will continue after the body dies
  2. knowledge is innate (born within us)
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12
Q

who was Aristotle?

A

Plato’s student

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13
Q

what did Aristotle claim about knowledge?

A

knowledge is NOT preexisting (counters Socrates and Plato) but it grows from the experiences stored in our memories

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14
Q

what happened during the 1600s?

A

modern science began to flourish

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15
Q

who was René Descartes, and what are his thoughts on knowledge and the mind?

A

French philosopher and scientist

agreed with Socrates and Plato: mind is separable and knowledge is born within us

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16
Q

who was Francis Bacon, and what were his contributions to psychology?

A

one of the founders of modern science!

centered on experiment, experience, and common-sense judgement

viewed research findings abt how our noticing and remembering events confirm our beliefs

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17
Q

who was John Locke, and what did he think about the mind?

A

British political philosopher who wrote one of history’s greatest and latest papers, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, where he argued that the mind starts as a “white paper” at birth and experience writes on it.

This idea added to Bacon’s idea to form modern empiricism

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18
Q

definition:

empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science flourishes through observation and experiment

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19
Q

when was the birth of psychology?

A

December 1879

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20
Q

when and where was the first true psychology experiment done?

A

in Germany 1879, where Wilhelm Wundt ran the first experiment in psychology’s first lab

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21
Q

who was Wilhelm Wundt

A

a philosopher, physiologist, and teacher who is the founder of the first psychology laboratory @ the University of Leipzig (located in Germany)

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22
Q

definition:

structuralism

A

explores the basic elements of the human mind by using introspection

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23
Q

who is the founder of structuralism?

A

Edward Bradford Titchener (Wundt’s student)

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24
Q

definition:

functionalism

A

focused on how mental and behavioral processes function

how they help an organism adapt, surive, etc

25
Q

who is the founder of functionalism?

A

William James

26
Q

who was William James known for?

A

his discovery of functionalism, but also his Harvard teaching and writing

27
Q

what book did William James write?

A

Principles of Psychology (still very popular and read today)

28
Q

who was Mary Calkins?

A

James’ student

29
Q

what does the sentence “magellans of the mind” refer to?

A

pioneering psychologists that illustrate psychology’s origin

30
Q

who are apart of the “magellans of mind”?

A 
William Wundt
William James
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
31
Q

how was psychology defined as in the 1920s?

A

“the science of mental life”

32
Q

how was psychology defined as from the years 1920s to 1960s?

A 
"the scientific study of observable behavior"
American psychologists (initially led by John B. Watson and later B.F Skinner) refined psychology because they believe science is rooted in observation
33
Q

what is humanistic psychology?

A

emphasized the importance of 1. current environmental influences on growth potential and 2. meeting our needs for love and acceptance

34
Q

who discovered humanistic psychology?

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

35
Q

what happened to psychology in the 1960s?

A

it recaptured it initial interest in mental processes through studies of how the mind processes and retains info

  • cognitive revolution supported ideas by earlier psychologists, but expanded on those ideas
  • cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience expands the understanding and treatment of disorders
36
Q

how has psychology been doing globally?

A

it has been growing and globalizing!

membership in psychological societies have been growing rapidly

37
Q

what is the biggest and most persistent issue in psychology?

A

nature-nurture debate

38
Q

what is the nature-nurture debate?

A

it concerns the relative contributions of biology and experience
(i.e. how genes and experiences develop psychological traits and behavior)

39
Q

what did ancient Greeks think about the nature-nurture debate?

A

Plato assumed that character and intelligence are mainly inherited, and certain ideas are inborn
Aristotle countered

40
Q

what did philosophers in the 1600s think about the nature-nurture debate?

A

Locke rejected inborn ideas and offered his idea of the mind is a blank sheet
Descartes disagreed and believed some ideas are innate

41
Q

who was Charles Darwin?

A

a voyager who argued that natural selection shapes behavior as well as bodies

42
Q

what is Darwin’s principle of Natural Selection?

A

nature selects those that are best at enabling an organism to survive and reproduce in a certain environment

43
Q

what viewpoints/levels of analysis does the biopsychosocial approach integrate?

A

influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors

44
Q

why are psychology’s varied perspectives complementary?

A

each perspective provides a valuable vantage point for looking at behavior, but if it is by itself then it is incomplete.
SO combing the info from all the different perspectives, gives a better understanding of behaviors and mental processes

45
Q

what are the subfields of psychology?

A

basic research
applied research
clinical applications

46
Q

what is basic research and which types of psychologists often perform them?

A

science that is done to increase the scientific knowledge base

biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social

47
Q

what is applied research?

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

(psychologists use concepts and methods to help organizations and companies select and train employees more effectively

48
Q

what do counseling psychologists do?

A

helps people cope with challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources

49
Q

what do clinical psychologists do?

A

assess and treat (using psychotherapy) mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

50
Q

what do psychiatrists do?

A

prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of psychological disorders by providing psychotherapy

51
Q

what is the difference between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists?

A

psychiatrists are licensed medical doctors who can prescribe mental health related drugs

52
Q

what are the effective study techniques?

A
  1. SQ3R
  2. distribute your time
  3. in class, listen actively
  4. overlearn
  5. focus on the big ideas
  6. be a smart test taker
53
Q

what is the SQ3R acronym stand for?

A

survey - what you are reading (note a sections main topic to focus your reading)
question - keep the learning objective / question in mind
read - actively and critically
review - rescan the module and marginal definitions
reflect - study the Learning Outcomes at the end of each module and quiz yourself

54
Q

how is distributing your study time effective?

A

spreading the material over several study periods will help you remember better (instead of studying for a straight hour)

55
Q

how is active listening effective?

A

processing the info actively will help your understanding and help retain the material better

56
Q

how is overlearning effective?

A

reviewing the material can help you learn the material and retain the knowledge longer

57
Q

how is focusing on the big ideas effective?

A

helps you make connections

58
Q

how can you become a smart test taker?

A
  1. if a test has MC questions and an essay question, read and brainstorm the essay question first then complete the MC before writing the essay
  2. in a MC, cover the answers, recall, then complete the sentence in your mind and choose the answer that best match your answer

AP PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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