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AP PSYCHOLOGY > module 2 - thinking critically with psychological science > Flashcards

module 2 - thinking critically with psychological science Flashcards

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1
Q

what can intuition do to us?

A

lead us astray (wrong direction)

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2
Q

why are our notions of common sense similar to intuition?

A

common sense can err (be mistaken or incorrect)

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3
Q

describe:

hindsight bias

A

aka. the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it

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4
Q

how can hindsight bias make research findings seem like common sense?

A

learning the outcome of a study can make it seem like common sense because it makes us believe that we already knew it

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5
Q

who named the hindsight bias phenomenon?

A

Paul Slovic and Baruch Fischhoff in 1977

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6
Q

describe:

overconfidence

A

we tend to think we know more than we do

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7
Q

how does overconfidence contaminate our everyday judgements??

A

both, hindsight bias and overconfidence, often lead us to overestimate our intuition

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8
Q

how does science overcome overconfidence?

A

restrains errors by taking us beyond our intuitions and common sense

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9
Q

fill in the blank:

science sift _______ from fantasy/illusions which requires a __________ ________

A

reality

scientific attitude

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10
Q

what do psychologists approach a scientific inquiry with?

A

curious skepticism AND humility

they ask two questions: what do you mean and how do you know?

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11
Q

definition:

humility

A

humbleness

- being able to reject your own ideas

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12
Q

what can skeptical testing reveal?

A

which ones best match the facts in an area of competing ideas

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13
Q

what are the ideals that unify psychologists with scientists?

A

curious
skeptical
humble scrutiny of competing ideas

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14
Q

what does scientific attitude prepare us for?

A

smart thinking aka. critical thinking

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15
Q

what do you do with critical thinking?

A
  1. examine assumptions
  2. discerns hidden values
  3. evaluates evidence
  4. assesses conclusions
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16
Q

fill in the blank:

psychologists arm their scientific attitude with the __________ ______

A

scientific method

17
Q

define:

scientific method

A

self correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answer

18
Q

what are the parts of the scientific method?

A
  1. make observations
  2. form theories
  3. form hypotheses
  4. refine theories in the light of new observations
19
Q

define:

hypotheses

A

testable predictions, often implied by a theory

20
Q

define:

scientific theory

A

explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

theory links with observations and simplifies everything so we do not have to memorize all the facts

21
Q

how do psychologists check on their biases?

A

psychologists report their research with precise operational definitions of concepts which allows anyone to replicate their observations

when one replicates the study, they should get similar results which then allows our confidence in the finding’s reliability to grow

22
Q

what are the two criteria of a good and useful theory?

A
  1. effectively organizes a range of self-repots and observations
    (i. e. organizes and links observed facts)
  2. implies clear predictions that anyone can use/recreate to check the theory or to derive practical applications
    (i. e. implies that the hypotheses offer testable predictions and practical applications)
23
Q

what type of environment do researchers test theoretical principles in?

A

a controlled and simplified environment

24
Q

what does a controlled and simplified environment do?

A

allows the researchers to focus on the study of one or two specific behaviors

25
Q

what do the resulting principles from an experiment explain?

A

helps explain everyday behaviors

26
Q

complete the sentence:

psychologists are less concerned about particular behaviors, but more about?

A

the general principles that help explain many behaviors

27
Q

can psychological research be generalized across culture?

A

yes

- even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, the underlying processes are pretty much the same

28
Q

can psychological research be generalized across gender?

A

yes??

  • biology determines our sex, then culture further bends the gender by creating expectations for each.
  • gender matters!! BUT women and men are very similar biologically and psychologically
29
Q

why do psychologists study animals?

A

they. ..
- find them fascinating
- want to understand how different species learn, think, and behave
- study animals to learn about people

30
Q

is it ethical to experiment on animals?

A

yes?
- under ethical and legal guidelines, animals rarely experience pain in psychological experiments

  • BUT, animal rights group still has an important issue: if it leads to helping humans in the long run, is an animal’s temporary suffering justified?
  • thing is: animals benefit from animal research
31
Q

is it ethical to experiment on animals?

A

yes, but there is a guideline to follow that are enforced by university ethics committees and developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the British Psychological Society

32
Q

what are the ethical principles hen experimenting on people?

A

investigators should…

  1. obtain the informed consent of potential participants
  2. protect the participants from harm and discomfort
  3. treat info about individual participants confidentially
  4. fully explain the research afterwards
33
Q

when should be the only time when researchers temporarily stress or deceive people?

A

ONLY when it is absolutely essential

typically with people, blinking lights, flashing words, and pleasant social interactions are more common

34
Q

is psychology value free?

A

no

35
Q

how can value affect psychology/psychologists?

A

value affects…

  • what we study
  • how we study it
  • how we interpret results
  • the words we use to describe a phenomenon

value can color “the facts”

popular applications of psychology contain hidden values

36
Q

can psychology be dangerous?

A

psychology has the power to deceive, but its main purpose is to enlighten and so far it has been used that way

37
Q

what does psychology speak about?

A
  1. many of our world’s greatest problems - war, overpopulation, crime, etc. - all which involve attitudes and behaviors
  2. our deepest longings - for nourishment, love, happiness, etc.
38
Q

what two phenomena illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense?

A

hindsight bias
and
judgmental overconfidence

39
Q

define:

operational defintion

A

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables

ex. human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

AP PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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