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Clinical Bacteriology > Module 2.1- Bacterial Morphology and Cytology > Flashcards

Module 2.1- Bacterial Morphology and Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

The general shape of individual bacterium is usually discernible with:

A

light microscope

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2
Q

revealed distinct anatomical features of bacteria

A

electron microscope (1950s)

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3
Q

range of bacteria diameter

A

0.2 - 2.0 micrometers

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4
Q

range of length of bacteria

A

2-8 micrometers

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5
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

> cocci
bacilli
spiral

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6
Q

usually spherical-shaped bacteria but can be oval, elongated or flattened on one side

A

cocci (clue: berries)

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7
Q

cocci may remain attached in groups due to

A

incomplete separation of cell during division

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8
Q

cocci that remain in pairs after division of a bacterial cell in one plane

A

Diplococci

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9
Q

cocci in chain-like patterns following division in one plane

A

Streptococci

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10
Q

cocci in groups of four resulting from division of bacterial cell in two planes

A

tetrads

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11
Q

cocci in cube-like groups of eight produced when bacterial cell divides in three planes

A

Sarcinae

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12
Q

cocci in grapelike clusters that form when bacterial cell divides in multiple planes

A

Staphylococci (clue: staphyle, bunch of grapes)

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13
Q

cocci in grapelike clusters that form when bacterial cell divides in multiple planes

A

Staphylococci (clue: staphyle, bunch of grapes)

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14
Q

rod-shaped and characteristically long and slender

A

Bacilli (clue: meaning little staffs)

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15
Q

bacilli that are oval and look so much like cocci

A

coccobacilli

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16
Q

difference between coccobacilli and cocci

A

Bacilli divide only across their short axis

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17
Q

most common type of bacilli

A

single rods

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18
Q

bacilli that appear in pairs after division

A

Diplobacilli

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19
Q

bacilli that occur in chains

A

streptobacilli

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20
Q

bacilli that are arranged in angular patterns that look like X, Y, V, and L” configuration

A

Cuneiforms (clue: looks like Chinese letters)

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21
Q

how cuneiforms form

A

bending of the bacterial cell at the point of division

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22
Q

example of cuneiform bacteria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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23
Q

bacilli in “picket fence” or cigar packet arrangement (side by side)

A

Palisades

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24
Q

how palisades form

A

slipping (sliding) of the bacterial cells during division

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25
Q

bacteria that have one or more twists; they are never straight.

A

spirals

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26
Q

spirals that look like rods curved into a form resembling a comma.

A

vibrios

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27
Q

spirals that have helical (i.e., coiling) shape, like corkscrews and have fairly rigid bodies

A

spirilla

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28
Q

spirals that are helical and flexible

A

spirochetes

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29
Q

most bacteria belong to this where they maintain a single shape

A

monomorphic (mono, one; morph, form)

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30
Q

bacteria which can have many shapes, not just one

A

pleomorphic (pleo, many; morph, form),

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31
Q

three (3) architectural regions of a bacterial cell

A

> cell envelope
appendages
cytoplasmic region

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32
Q

structure that encloses the cytoplasm of the cells, essentially the protective unit

A

cell envelope

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33
Q

three layers of the cell envelope (stratified structure)

A

> cell membrane
cell wall
glycocalyx

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34
Q

all cells have this part of the cell envelope

A

cell membrane

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35
Q

almost all bacteria have this part of the cell envelope

A

cell wall

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36
Q

only some bacteria have this part of the cell envelope

A

glycocalyx

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37
Q

thin, delicate membrane surrounding the cytoplasm and separating it from the environment.

A

cell membrane

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38
Q

two structural components of the cell membrane

A

> phospholipid bilayer (40%)

> proteins (60%)

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39
Q

two components of the phospholipid bilayer

A

> polar, hydrophilic glycerol head outside

> two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails inward

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40
Q

The arrangement of the lipids and proteins to form a membrane is called the

A

fluid mosaic model

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41
Q

component that is found in eukaryotic cell membrane but not in bacterial cell membrane

A

sterols

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42
Q

only bacteria which have sterols to protect from osmotic lysis beacuse they do not have cell wall

A

genus Mycoplasma

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43
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. selective permeability
  2. site of transport system
  3. site for biosynthesis
  4. specialized enzyme system
  5. chemotaxis
  6. participates in reproduction
  7. site of antibiotic action
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44
Q

The most important function of the plasma membrane

A

serve as a selective barrier

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45
Q

the property of the cell membrane that allow certain molecules to move through the membrane while restricting others

A

Semipermeability

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46
Q

uncharged molecules with molecular weights of about 100 Daltons which pass through the bacterial cell membrane freely

A

water

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47
Q

he free movement of water through the cell membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

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48
Q

Medium where the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell. There is no net gain or loss of water, so the
cell will retain its original shape

A

isotonic medium

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49
Q

Medium where the solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than in the inside of the cell, and water enters the cell.

A

hypotonic medium

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50
Q

Limits a bacterium’s accumulation of water.

A

non expendable cell wall

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51
Q

The escape of the cytoplasm from cells without rigid cell walls when it ruptures due to high pressure

A

plasmoptysis

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52
Q

medium where the solute concentration is higher outside of the cell, and water leaves the cell.

A

hypertonic medium

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53
Q

Hypertonic medium causes the cell membrane and cytoplasm to shrink away from the cell wall. This is known as:

A

plasmolysis

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54
Q

cytoplasm rupture is referred to as

A

plasmoptysis

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55
Q

cytoplasm shrinking is referred to as

A

plasmolysis

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56
Q

Membrane proteins that mediate the passage of solutes through the cell membrane

A

carrier proteins or permeases

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57
Q

Because carrier proteins mediate solute passge, transport systems are therefore:

A

carrier-mediated

show specificity for solute

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58
Q

Three types of transport systems among bacteria

A

> facilitated diffusion
active transport
group translocation

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59
Q

The least common type of transport system in bacteria (e.g., glycerol uniporter in E. coli)

A

Facilitated diffusion

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60
Q

Used for transport of most solutes like amino acids, ions, and sugars

A

active transport

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61
Q

Used for accumulation of many ions, amino acids, or sugars into the bacterium

A

Active transport

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62
Q

Transports at a rate faster that diffusion alone

A

active transport

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63
Q

Used primarily for transport of sugars

(e.g., glucose specifically enters the channel from outside. but to enter the cytoplasm, it must be sequentially converted into pyruvic acid, which is the key metabolic intermediate, then bacteria process the pyruvic acid using a variety of fermentation pathways.)

A

group translocation

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64
Q

Is solute modified during facilitated diffusion?

A

No

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65
Q

Is solute modified during active transport?

A

No

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66
Q

Is solute modified during group translocation?

A

Yes

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67
Q

Does facilitated diffusio have energy expenditure?

A

No

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68
Q

Does active transport have energy expenditure?

A

Yes

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69
Q

Does group translocation have energy expenditure?

A

Yes

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70
Q

Does Facilitated Diffusion move against concentration gradient?

A

No

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71
Q

Does Active transport move against concentration gradient?

A

Yes

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72
Q

Does Group translocation move against concentration gradient?

A

Yes

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73
Q

Function that where the cell membrane allows for production of components that make up the bacterial cell wall and appendages.

A

Site for biosynthesis

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74
Q

Funnction of the cell membrane where it contains enzymes involved in many metabolic processes such as cell wall synthesis, membrane synthesis and DNA replication.

A

Specialized enzyme system

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75
Q

Bacterial ability to move/swim in response to environmental stimuli which is facilitated by their cell membrane

A

chemotaxis

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76
Q

Component of the bacterial cell membrane which determines the quality and quantity of certain chemicals in the environment

A

sensing protein

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77
Q

Bacterial cell swimming towards useful nutrients

A

positive chemotaxis

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78
Q

Bacterial cell swimming away from harmful substances

A

negative chemotaxis

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79
Q

Other types of tactic responses in bacteria which provides the evidence for the ecological advantage (survival) in bacteria.

A

phototaxis (towards light source)
aerotaxis (towards oxygen)
magnetotaxis (in response to Earth’s magnetic field)

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80
Q

reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission

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81
Q

cytoplasmic invaginations of the cell membrane in the form of stacks or vesicles which coordinates DNA replication and segregation with septum formation

A

mesosomes

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82
Q

another function of mesosome

A

significantly increase the membrane surface area without increasing the cell size, allowing the cell greater activity for respiration and active transport.

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83
Q

What does mesosome do during cell division?

A
  1. attaches the DNA where it is replicated
  2. draws the 2 DNA molecules in opposite direction while the septum is formed between 2 chromosomal components
  3. 2 progeny cells form after septum formation
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84
Q

A type of antibiotic that pokes holes in the lipid bilayer

A

Polymyxin

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85
Q

chemical agents that dissolve the lipid bilayer resulting in leaking out of the cytoplasmic contents

A

alcohol and some detergents

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86
Q

how the cell dies when cytoplasmic contents are leaked

A

lysis

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87
Q

The rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane in most bacteria.

A

Cell wall

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88
Q

The strength of cell wall is primarily due to this substance which can only be found in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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89
Q

Other terms for peptidoglycan

A

murein or mucopeptide

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90
Q

The peptidoglycan is composed of:

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) backbone & peptide chains

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91
Q

The carbohydrate backbone of peptidoglycan is a polymer of disaccharides consisting of alternating units of

A
  1. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

2. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

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92
Q

The peptide chain of peptidoglycan is composed of ________ and hence is called __________

A

4 amino acids

tetrapeptide

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93
Q

The peptide chain of peptidoglycan is attached to the:

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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94
Q

A single layer of peptidoglycan is a network of adjacent sugar chains bound together through the:

A

peptide chains

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95
Q

The peptidoglycan is a _________ structure

A

cross-linked

96
Q

The part of the cell that determines gram staining

A

cell wall

97
Q

A gram-positive cell wall is made up of:

A

> several layers of peptidoglycan

> Techoic acid (TA)

98
Q

a gram negative cell wall is made up of:

A

> single layer of peptidoglycan
outer membrane
periplasm

99
Q

Peptidoglycan of gram-positive cell wall vs. gram negative cell wall

A

gram+ 20-80 nm, 60-100% of cell wall

gram - 10 nm, 10-20% of cell wall

100
Q

Backbones that are extensively cross-linked through the
tetrapeptide chains by
amino acid bridges

A

Interpeptide bridge;

pentaglycine

101
Q

component of gram positive cell wall that are polymers of ribitol phosphate and glycerol
phosphate.

A

Teichoic acid (TA)

102
Q

2 Types of Cell wall teichoic acid

A

membrane teichoic acid

wall teichoic acid.

103
Q

Techoic acid that is anchored to the cell membrane lipids

A

Membrane TA

104
Q

Since Membrane TA are anchored to the cell membrane lipids, they can also be called:

A

lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

105
Q

Techoic acid that is covalently linked to the NAM of the cell wall.

A

Wall TA

106
Q

Function of Techoic Acid

A

Major surface antigens of the gram-positive cell wall which stimulate host immune system to make antibodies.

107
Q

The tetrapeptide chain link in gram negative peptidoglycan

A

interpeptide bond between amino acids of adjacent backbones

108
Q

Which is more fragile? gram negative or gram positive? why?

A

gram-negative cell wall because of less peptidoglycan layers

109
Q

Surrounds the peptidoglycan layer of a gram negative cell

A

Outer membrane

110
Q

two functions of the outer membrane (OM) to a gram negative cell

A

> major permeability barrier to hydrophobic molecules

> protection from antipeptidoglycan chemicals such as lysozyme or the antibiotic penicillin.

111
Q

Characteristic of gram negative outer membrane

A

similar to phospholipid bilayer but contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins

112
Q

The inner leaflet of the outer membrane consists of:

A

phospholipids and proteins

113
Q

two proteins found in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane

A

Braun lipoproteins

Porin proteins

114
Q

protein in the inner leaflet that anchors the OM with
the underlying peptidoglycan, thus
stabilizing the cell wall.

A

Braun lipoproteins

115
Q

protein in the inner leaflet that completely spans the outer membrane and form pores of fixed diameter which act as transmembrane allowing hydrophilic molecules to pass

A

Porin proteins

clue: pore

116
Q

The outer leaflet of the OM contains

A

> phospholipids

> mainly Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

117
Q

LPS in the outer leaflet of the OM is made up of:

A

> Lipid A

> Outer polysaccharide

118
Q

Lipid A in the outer leaflet of the OM is commonly referred to as:

A

endotoxin
(endo- within the cell wall
toxin- toxic to host)

119
Q

When gram negative bacterium is destroyed within the human body, it is released from the cell wall. It elicits toxic reaction in the host, such as:

A

fever (pyrogenic)
shock (hypotension)
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
hemorrhage.

120
Q

It is composed of repeating sugar units and extends outward from lipid A. These are the outermost molecules of the cell wall.

A

Outer polysaccharide

121
Q

Outer polysaccharide is also known as:

A 
somatic antigen
O antigen (O stands for Ohne hauch in German "without breath")
122
Q

function of O antigen/ outer polysaccharide

A

constitutes the major surface antigen that accounts for serotype or serovar (classification based on surface antigen) among gram negative bacteria

123
Q

The space between the OM and the inner cell membrane (cell membrane) in a gram negative cell wall

A

Periplasm

124
Q

Function of periplasm

A 
stores enzymes for biosynthesis
> for peptidoglycan assembly (transglycosylases, carboxypeptidases,
and transpeptidases)
> degradative enzymes
(phosphatases, proteases)
> detoxifying enzymes
(beta-lactamase, penicillinase)
>  Binding proteins 
(for amino acids, sugars, vitamins or ions)
125
Q

Functions of the Cell Wall

A 
> rigidity and shape
> protection from osmotic lysis
> Gram’s stain reaction
> contributes to pathogenicity
> Site of antigenic determinants
> Barrier from certain antibiotics
126
Q

The cell wall gives rigidity and shape to the cell by acting as a

A

exoskeleton

127
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stains color _____ by ______

A

violet, crystal violet

128
Q

Gram-negative bacteria stains color _____ by ______

A

red/ink, safranin

129
Q

How does cell wall affect gram staining?

A

Thicker peptidoglycan traps crystal violet more extensively so it cannot be decolorized by alcohol.

Alcohol dissolves lipid in OM of gram negative bacteria so it decolorizes easily.

130
Q

Component of gram negative cell wall that elicits elicits certain toxic symptoms of diseases

A

Lipid A

131
Q

Surface antigens of bacteria

A 
Techoic acid (TA) in gram positive
O antigen (outer polysaccharide) in gram negative
132
Q

target site of action of antibiotics

A

peptidoglycan

133
Q

a lytic enzyme naturally present in human tears, saliva, sweat, and other body fluids

A

lysozyme

134
Q

Two (2) groups of bacteria that do not have cell walls or have very little cell wall material.

A

Mycoplasma species (naturally-occuring wall-less bacteria)

L-forms (wall-less variants of normal cells arising from mutation or from physical or chemical agents)

135
Q

two types of L-form bacteria

A

a. protoplast (created from gram-positive)

b. spheroplast (created from gram negative but still has OM)

136
Q

A gelatinous layer external to the cell wall found in some bacteria

A

glycocalyx

137
Q

The glycocalyx can be in the for of either:

A

> capsule

> slime layer

138
Q

glycocalyx that is thick, organized, firmly attached to the cell wall (not easily removed) and is clearly differentiated from the environment

A

Capsule

139
Q

The chemical composition of the capsule is genetically determined, but most capsules consist of

A

polysaccharide

140
Q

The chemical composition of Bacillus anthracis capsule

A

polypeptide

141
Q

glycocalyx that is unorganized, loosely attached to the cell wall, and diffuse into the medium.

A

slime layer

142
Q

the slime layer usually contains a mass of tangled fibers of a polysaccharide called:

A

dextran

143
Q

glycocalyx functions

A 
> protection from dehydration
> Retards phagocytosis
> Attachment to surfaces
> Site of antigenic determinant
> Antibiotic barrier.
> Component of vaccines
144
Q

The glycocalyx can protect the bacteria from desiccation (drying out) due to its:

A

high water content

145
Q

Capsules increase pathogenicity because it protects against white blood cells called _______

A

phagocytes

146
Q

Scientists believe that the repulsion between bacterial cell and phagocytes is because

A

capsule and phagocyte surface both have strongly negative charge

147
Q

Glycocalyx function that is crucial in the development of disease.

A

attachment to cells

148
Q

Serologic typing of bacterial capsules can be done through identification of

A

K-antigen

clue: K for kapsel - german

149
Q

It is an impenetrable barrier to most common sites of antibiotic action

A

glycocalyx

150
Q

3 types of cell appendages

A

> flagellum
pili and fimbriae
axial filament

151
Q

A cell appendage which is long, thin, thread-like or whip-like, filamentous appendage that arise from the cytoplasmic membrane and extend into the medium.

A

flagellum

152
Q

Protein building block of flagellum

A

flagellin

153
Q

Three basic parts of a flagellum

A

> Filament
Basal body
Hook

154
Q

the outermost whip-like structure of the flagellum

A

Filament

155
Q

The part of the flagellum that is embedded in the cell membrane which acts as an anchor to the cell membrane and motor to turn the filament like a propeller.

A

Basal body

156
Q

Part of the filament that acts like a universal joint between the filament and basal body.

A

Hook

157
Q

four basic types of flagellar arrangement on bacteria:

A

Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Monotrichous

158
Q

flagellar arrangement where there is flagella all over the surface

A

Peritrichous

clue: Peri = periphery of surface

159
Q

flagellar arrangement where there is a tuft of flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous

160
Q

flagellar arrangement where there is one or more flagella at each end

A

Amphitrichous

amphi - two or both ends

161
Q

flagellar arrangement where there is one flagellum located at one end

A

Monotrichous

mono- one

162
Q

Bacteria without flagella are called

A

atrichous.

163
Q

two functions of the flagellum

A

> confers motility

> Site of antigenic determinant

164
Q

bacterial movement towards a favorable environment/stimulus, or away from an adverse one.

A

taxis

165
Q

When the bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time, the movement is called a

A

“run” or “swim”

166
Q

“run” or “swim” movements is achieved when the flagella rotates in what direction

A

counterclockwise.

167
Q

Runs are interrupted by random, abrupt change in direction which are called

A

“tumbles”

168
Q

“tumbles” are achieved when the flagella rotates _____

A

clockwise

169
Q

flagella antigens are termed

A

H antigens
(H is for hauch which means “breath” in German. The movement of motile bacteria in agar medium spreads the same way as breath on glass)

170
Q

H antigen are:

A

> heat labile

> proteins (flagellin)

171
Q

Elongate, rigid tubular structures that extend from the cell, which are straighter and shorter than flagella. This can only be observed by electron microscopy

A

Pili (meaning hair)

172
Q

special protein constituting a pili

A

pilin

173
Q

There are only about _____ pili in a cell, which are _____ in diameter

A

1-10

9-10 nm

174
Q

pili that allows for attachment of the cell to surfaces thereby acting as a determinant of pathogenicity

A

common pili

175
Q

pili that facilitates conjugation

A

sex pili

176
Q

The process of transfer of genetic material (DNA) from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium. It confers new characteristics and functions.

A

Conjugation

177
Q

similar to the pili but smaller and more numerous.

A

fimbriae

178
Q

Bacterial fimbriae are chiefly composed of what protein

A

fimbrillin

179
Q

It acts as a scaffolding on the surface of cells onto which specific adhesive molecules are
attached.

A

fimbriae

180
Q

consists of bundles of fibrils that arise and extend from one or both poles of the cell but fold back so that it is spirally wound/wrapped along the cell body.

A

axial filament

181
Q

Axial filament is found between

A

cell wall and the cell membrane

182
Q

other term for axial filament

A

endoflagellum

endo-inside, flagellum-like function

183
Q

function of axial filament

A

responsible for the motility of

spirochetes in a spiral motion (like corkscrew)

184
Q

gram-negative, coiled bacteria

A

spirochetes,

185
Q

refers to the internal matrix of the cell contained inside the cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

186
Q

The chemical characteristics of the the cytoplasm

A

80% water

187
Q

three differences of prokaryotic from eukaryotic cytoplasm

A
  1. no membrane bound organelles (ER, golgi, mitochondria, lysosome)
  2. no cytoskeleton (microfilament, microtubule)
  3. no cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasm)
188
Q

5 constituents of the cytoplasmic region

A
  1. nucleoid
  2. plasmid
  3. ribosomes
  4. inclusions
  5. endospores
189
Q

The region of the chromosome in a

bacterial cell

A

nucleoid

190
Q

Structure of the nucleoid

A

> long, single, circular
double stranded DNA
no histones
no membrane

191
Q

Function of the nucleoid

A

genetic storehouse of the bacterium

192
Q

DNA molecule in bacteria that is physically separate from the chromosomal DNA within the cell.

A

Plasmid

193
Q

Structure of the plasmid:

A

> small circular
double-stranded DNA molecule
capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host

194
Q

two states of plasmid

A

“free” state (separate from bacterial chromosome)

“integrated” state (incorporated into the bacterial chromosome)

195
Q

plasmid is considered a:

A

replicon (region of DNA that is independently replicated)

196
Q

Function of the plasmid:

A

carry genes for additional genetic traits that are are not essential for cell viability.

197
Q

plasmid which contain genes which

codes for expression of sex pili

A

F plasmids (fertility plasmids)

198
Q

plasmid which contain genes that provide resistance against antibiotics or poisons.

A 
R plasmids (resistance)
(previously r-factors)
199
Q

plasmid which contain genes that code for secretion of bacteriocins (proteins that can kill other bacteria)

A

Bacteriocinogenic plasmids,

200
Q

plasmids which enable the digestion of unusual substances (like toluene and salicylic acid)

A

Degradative plasmids,

201
Q

plasmids which turn the bacterium into a pathogen.

A

Virulence plasmids

202
Q

Small, spherical structure distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and occupy most of the cytoplasmic volume.

A

Ribosomes

203
Q

Constituent of ribosomes

A

40% proteins

60% ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

204
Q

Subunits of bacterial ribosome

A

70S ribosome

30S
50S

205
Q

Functions of the ribosome

A

Sites of protein synthesis

Site of antibiotic action

206
Q

How does ribosome contribute to antibiotic action?

A

they attach to either the 30s or 50s subunit and interfere with protein synthesis.

207
Q

Antibiotics that attach to the 30S subunit

A

streptomycin and gentamicin

208
Q

Antibiotics that attach to the 50S subunit

A

erythromycin and chloramphenicol

209
Q

Reserve deposits of nutrient materials within the cytoplasm of bacteria.

A

inclusions, (inclusion granules or inclusion bodies)

210
Q

two types of inclusions

A

Organic inclusions

Inorganic inclusions

211
Q

reserves of carbon and serve as energy sources

A

Organic inclusions

212
Q

storage of glycogen and starch (polyglucose)

A

Polysaccharide inclusions

213
Q

represents storage form of lipid and

fatty acid

A

Poly-β-hydroxybuterate (PBH)

214
Q

inclusions found in certain bacterial pathogens that are referred to as metachromatic granules because they take up a color different from the color of the dye used.

A

Polyphosphates

stains red and purple in methylene blue dye

215
Q

inclusions found in photosynthetic

bacteria

A

Sulfur deposits

216
Q

Metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Babes-Ernst granules.

217
Q

spherical or ovoidal, metabolically dormant structure formed by vegetative bacterial cell when essential nutrients in their environment become depleted.

A

endospore.

218
Q

term for vegetative bacterial cell

A

sporangium

219
Q

Four structural components of an endospore

A
  1. Core
  2. Cortex
  3. Spore coat
  4. Exosporium
220
Q

the innermost membrane or wall of the

endospore.

A

Core or spore protoplast

221
Q

the endospore core contains:

A

> entire bacterial chromosome
some ribosomes
other soluble cytoplasmic materials as energy source

222
Q

the thickest layer of the spore envelope.

A

Cortex

223
Q

the cortex contains

A

peptidoglycan with fewer cross-linkages

224
Q

composed of a keratin-like protein

containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds making it hydrophobic and impermeable

A

Spore coat

225
Q

confers to spores relative resistance to antibacterial chemical agents

A

Spore coat

226
Q

the thin and delicate outermost layer of the endospore.

A

Exosporium (clue: exo-outside)

227
Q

most resistant of all life forms, capable of withstanding extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would readily kill vegetative cells.

A

Endospores

228
Q

heat resistance of endospores is linked to their:

A

high calcium dipicolinate content

removes water bc thermal inactivation of cells require water

229
Q

confers endospores protection against radiation and chemicals

A

cortex

230
Q

The endospore does not

assimilate materials from the environment. it is

A

metabolically inactive

231
Q

term for spore formation

A

sporulation or sporogenesis

232
Q

stimulus for sporulation

A

depletion of nutrients

233
Q

The process of sporulation

A

basahin niyona lang sa module hehe

234
Q

An endospore returns to its vegetative state by a process called

A

germination

235
Q

One vegetative cell forms a single endospore, which remains one cell after germination. Therefore, _____

A

sporulation is not a means of reproduction

236
Q

The majority of spore-formers belong to what group of bacteria?

A

rod-shaped bacteria

members of the genera Clostridium and Bacillus

Clinical Bacteriology (12 decks)

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