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Clinical Bacteriology > Module 1: Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

study of microorganisms/ microbes

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

smallest unicellular microorganisms

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

composition of bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan (carbohydrate - protein complex)

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4
Q

reproductive method of bacteria where cell divide into two equal daughter cells

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

two major groups of bacteria

A

Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria

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6
Q

“true bacteria,” which includes disease-causing bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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7
Q

photosynthetic bacteria, formerly called “blue green algae”

A

Cyanobacteria

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8
Q

where the chlorophyll of cyanobacteria are contained

A

specialized lamellae called thylakoids

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9
Q

earliest type of bacteria (3.86 B years ago)

A

Archaebacteria

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10
Q

archaebacteria are described as

A

extremophiles

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11
Q

Archaebacteria that produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

methanogens

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12
Q

archaebacteria that live in extremely salty environments

A

halophiles

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13
Q

archaebacteria that live in hot sulfurous water

A

thermophiles

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14
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

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15
Q

nonmotile and non photosynthetic organisms which absorb ready-made nutrients from environment

A

Fungi

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16
Q

composition of fungi cell wall

A

Chitin

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17
Q

macroscopic form of fungi

A

mushrooms

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18
Q

microscopic forms of fungi

A

yeasts and molds

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19
Q

unicellular form of fungi

A

yeast

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20
Q

reproductive method of yeast where daughter cell protrudes from parent cell and detaches

A

budding

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21
Q

multicellular form of microscopic fungi

A

molds

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22
Q

microscopic, fundamental unit structure of molds- threadlike filaments that may have spores

A

hyphae

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23
Q

macroscopic molds, fuzzy mass of accumulated and interlaced hyphae

A

mycelium

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24
Q

organisms that live at the expense of a host

A

Parasites

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25
Q

macroscopic parasites

A

Helminths & arthropods

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26
Q

unicellular parasites

A

protozoa

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27
Q

animal -like, unicellular, non-photosynthetic microorganism with no cell wall

A

protozoa

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28
Q

has temporary cytoplasmic extension(subphylum Sarcomastigophora, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica)

A

Amoeba

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29
Q

temporary cytoplasmic extension

A

Pseudopodia

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30
Q

has long whiplike appendage (subphylum Mastigophora, e.g. Giardia lamblia)

A

Flagellates

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31
Q

long whip like appendage

A

Flagellum

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32
Q

short hairlike processes

A

CIlia

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33
Q

has short hairlike processes (phylum Ciliophora, e.g. Balantidium coli)

A

Ciliates

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34
Q

strict immobile parasites, reproduces sexually and asexually alternately (phylum Apicomplexa)

A

Sporozoa

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35
Q

minute particles that parasitize living things

A

viruses

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36
Q

organisms that can only be observed with an electron microscope

A

ultramicroscopic

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37
Q

two structures constituting a virus

A

Nucleic acid and Capsid

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38
Q

four types of nucleic acid

A

ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA

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39
Q

protective protein coat of a virus consisting of repeating proteins

A

Capsid

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40
Q

proteins consisting a capsid

A

capsomeres

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41
Q

Nucleic acid core + capsid

A

nucleocapsid

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42
Q

outer coating of an enveloped virus

A

glycoproteins (virus) and lipids (host)

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43
Q

organisms that require a host cell to survive and replicate

A

obligate intracellular

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44
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages (phages)

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45
Q

VIrus with naked ssRNA particles and infects only plants

A

Viroids

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46
Q

Misfolded protein particles that cause disease (e.g. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

A

Prions

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47
Q

“plant-like,” photosynthetic organisms

A

Algae

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48
Q

study of Algae

A

Phycology/ Algology

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49
Q

unicellular algae

A

diatoms & dinoflagellates

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50
Q

TWO human illnesses caused by algae

A

Protothecosis and paralytic shellfish poisoning

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51
Q

manifests as skin ulcers

A

Protothecosis

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52
Q

variant of green alga Chlorella causing Protothecosis

A

Prototheca

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53
Q

associated w/ dinoflagellates producing neurotoxins

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

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54
Q

Learning and culture stagnation

A

Medieval Period (5th- 15th century)

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55
Q

Era of Scientific methods and empirical observation

A

Modern Period (16th century)

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56
Q

advent of public health laws

A

Antiquity (Ancient CIvilization)

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57
Q

observed Syphilis and Typhus epidemic

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (Fracastorius)

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58
Q

Girolamo Fracastoro’s book

A

De Contagione (1546)

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59
Q

Father of microbiology who first made simple microscopes to observe microorganisms

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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60
Q

First attack on spontaneous generation through meat and maggots experiment

A

Francesco Redi

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61
Q

disproved abiogenesis or spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experiment

62
Q

Louis Pasteur’s four contributions to microbiology

A

fermentation, pasteurization, attenuation, Germ theory of disease

63
Q

sugar + yeasts → CO2 + alcohol

A

fermentation

64
Q

Souring of wine is caused by which bacteria that converted alcohol to acetic acid

A

Acetobacter

65
Q

mild heating to kill spoilage and microbes

A

Pasteurization

66
Q

Low Temperature Holding Method/ Classical/ Batch/Bulk

A

63 C for 30 mins

67
Q

High Temperature Short time/ Flash pasteurization

A

72 C, 15 secs

68
Q

Ultra High Temperature pasteurization

A

140, 0.5 secs

69
Q

weakening of bacteria

A

Attenuation

70
Q

theory of specific disease- specific microorganism

A

Germ Theory of Disease

71
Q

Father of Bacteriologic Techniques who developed method for growth of pure culture

A

Robert Koch

72
Q

proposed agar to solidify culture media

A

Walther and Fanny Hesse

73
Q

developed the Petri dish

A

Richard Petri

74
Q

discovered that aniline dyes stain microorganism selectively

A

Paul Erlich

75
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

A. suspected pathogen must be present in ill and absent in healthy
B. Suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
C. Cells from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animals
D. Pathogen must be reisolated and same as the original

76
Q

dubbed “Savior of Mothers” for standardizing handwashing to reduce maternal mortality

A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

77
Q

disease that increased maternal mortality in Vienna General Hospital

A

Puerperal fever

78
Q

Semmelweis proposed the use of ____ for handwashing

A

Chlorinated lime solution

79
Q

Father or Aseptic surgery

A

Joseph Lister

80
Q

What Lister used to clean wounds and surgical instruments

A

phenol or carbolic acid

81
Q

Father of Vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

82
Q

First successful vaccination

A

cowpox (vaccinia virus) for smallpox (variola virus)

83
Q

Introduced concept of phagocytosis and cellular immunity

A

Elie Metchnikoff (Ilya Mechnikov)

84
Q

discovered that aniline dyes not only stain microorganisms but can also kill

A

Paul Erlich

85
Q

First chemotherapeutic substance used for Syphilis

A

Salvarsan (arsphenamine)

86
Q

first to recognize clinical significance of antibiotics

A

Alexander Flemming

87
Q

what Alexander Flemming observed

A

Penicillium mold preventing Staphylococcus growth

88
Q

Study of pathogens and pathogenesis, and body’s defense against disease

A

Medical Microbiology

89
Q

laboratory diagnosis, isolation & identification

A

Clinical or diagnostic microbiology

90
Q

study of Infectious diseases in animals

A

Veterinary microbiology

91
Q

human diseases acquired from animals

A

Zoonoses

92
Q

Harmful & beneficial roles of microbiology in crops & plants

A

Agricultural Microbiology

93
Q

Dairy products, breads, alcoholic beverages, plant and fish products

A

Food Microbiology

94
Q

contaminating organism infects person who ingested food

A

Food-borne infection

95
Q

toxin formed by microbial growth is ingested with the food, can be live or lysed bacterial cell

A

Food intoxication

96
Q

purification of water supply and garbage and sewage disposal

A

Sanitary Microbiology

97
Q

Detection of risk in production of food and water to prevent human transmission

A

Sanitary Microbiology

98
Q

inhabit human and animal intestinal tract that indicate fecal contamination

A

Coliform group of bacteria

99
Q

Antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins and other essential microorganisms for commercial enterprise

A

Industrial Microbiology

100
Q

Engineering microbes with desirable traits to produce or modify products

A

Biotechnology

101
Q

Microbial processes in soil, water, food

A

Microbial Ecology

102
Q

Study of interrelationships between microorganisms and others and the environment

A

Microbial Ecology/ Environmental Microbiology

103
Q

recycling of chemical elements by microbes for microbes

A

Biogeochemical cycle

104
Q

Microorganisms in natural waters and Microbial pollution

A

Aquatic microbiology

105
Q

Use of microbes for treatment of wastes, detoxification and degradation of pollutant

A

Bioremediation

106
Q

species used to degrade oil in Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, 1988

A

Pseudomonas species

107
Q

addition of nutrients (N & P) to speed up bioremediation

A

Bioaugmentation

108
Q

Gene manipulation to produce a desired gene product

A

Genetic engineering

109
Q

Study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids, and genes

A

Microbial Genetics

110
Q

Classification of all living organisms

A

Taxonomy

111
Q

Three distinct interrelated disciplines of taxonomy

A

Classification, Nomenclature, and Identification

112
Q

Father of Taxonomy who developed the two-kingdom classification system

A

Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)

113
Q

first classification system

A

Linnaean taxonomy

114
Q

Created natural kingdom for microscopic organisms (three-kingdom classification)

A

Ernst Haeckel

115
Q

kingdom for microscopic organisms

A

Protista

116
Q

developed Five kingdom classification

A

Robert Whittaker

117
Q

Five kingdoms

A

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)

117
Q

Five kingdoms

A

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)

118
Q

organisms that have nuclear membranes and that include animals, plants, algae, protozoa and fungi

A

Eukaryotic

119
Q

organisms that lack nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic

120
Q

organisms that live in colonies

A

colonial (bacteria)

121
Q

microbes that live alone

A

solitary (protozoa)

122
Q

two types of food procurement

A

ingestion (for protozoas and animals) and absorption (for fungi and plants)

123
Q

two types of organism according to energy source

A

Phototroph and Chemotroph

124
Q

gets energy from sunlight by photosynthesis

A

Phototroph

125
Q

gets energy from oxidation of organic and inorganic chemical components

A

Chemotroph

126
Q

two types of organism according to carbon source

A

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

127
Q

gets carbon from CO2 (only inorganic carbon containing compound)

A

Autotrophs

128
Q

Require organic compounds as C source

A

Heterotrophs

129
Q

get Carbon from dead, decaying matter

A

Saprobes

130
Q

Classification System based on similarities of observable traits or characteristics

A

Phenetic System of Classification

131
Q

Classification System based on evolutionary relationship

A

phylogenetic classification system

132
Q

Proposed three domain-system above kingdoms based on rRNA

A

Carl Woese

133
Q

found in all cell types of living organisms which is the basis of classification

A

ribosomal ribonucleic acid

134
Q

three domains

A

Bacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (completely unlike bacteria, except for lack of nucleus)
Eukarya (has nucleus)

135
Q

bacterial cells from single parent cells that differs slightly from other cells in same species

A

Strains

136
Q

differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains

A

Biovar

137
Q

differ morphologically from other strains

A

Morphovar

138
Q

have different antigenic properties from other strains

A

Serovars

139
Q

differ from other strains based on distinctive pathogenicity

A

Pathovar

140
Q

Assignment of names to taxonomic groups

A

Nomenclature

141
Q

standard reference of nomenclature

A

Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology

142
Q

eight taxonomic levels

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Tribe
Genus
Species
143
Q

binomial system of nomenclature

A

Genus name + Species epithet

144
Q

Process of observing and classifying organisms into standard groups

A

Identification

145
Q

standard reference for bacterial identification

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

146
Q

Five processes involved in identification of bacteria

A

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification

147
Q

Putting bacteria in agar media

A

Inoculation

148
Q

Growing the cultures

A

Incubation

149
Q

Forming isolated colonies and making subcultures

A

Isolation

150
Q

Observing macroscopic and microscopic morphology (appearance, size, texture)

A

Inspection

151
Q

Involves staining reactions, biochemical test, immunologic & molecular tests, DNA analysis

A

Identification

Clinical Bacteriology (12 decks)

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