Module 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
study of microorganisms/ microbes
Microbiology
smallest unicellular microorganisms
Bacteria
composition of bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan (carbohydrate - protein complex)
reproductive method of bacteria where cell divide into two equal daughter cells
Binary fission
two major groups of bacteria
Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria
“true bacteria,” which includes disease-causing bacteria
Eubacteria
photosynthetic bacteria, formerly called “blue green algae”
Cyanobacteria
where the chlorophyll of cyanobacteria are contained
specialized lamellae called thylakoids
earliest type of bacteria (3.86 B years ago)
Archaebacteria
archaebacteria are described as
extremophiles
Archaebacteria that produce methane as a waste product from respiration
methanogens
archaebacteria that live in extremely salty environments
halophiles
archaebacteria that live in hot sulfurous water
thermophiles
study of fungi
mycology
nonmotile and non photosynthetic organisms which absorb ready-made nutrients from environment
Fungi
composition of fungi cell wall
Chitin
macroscopic form of fungi
mushrooms
microscopic forms of fungi
yeasts and molds
unicellular form of fungi
yeast
reproductive method of yeast where daughter cell protrudes from parent cell and detaches
budding
multicellular form of microscopic fungi
molds
microscopic, fundamental unit structure of molds- threadlike filaments that may have spores
hyphae
macroscopic molds, fuzzy mass of accumulated and interlaced hyphae
mycelium
organisms that live at the expense of a host
Parasites
macroscopic parasites
Helminths & arthropods
unicellular parasites
protozoa
animal -like, unicellular, non-photosynthetic microorganism with no cell wall
protozoa
has temporary cytoplasmic extension(subphylum Sarcomastigophora, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica)
Amoeba
temporary cytoplasmic extension
Pseudopodia
has long whiplike appendage (subphylum Mastigophora, e.g. Giardia lamblia)
Flagellates
long whip like appendage
Flagellum
short hairlike processes
CIlia
has short hairlike processes (phylum Ciliophora, e.g. Balantidium coli)
Ciliates
strict immobile parasites, reproduces sexually and asexually alternately (phylum Apicomplexa)
Sporozoa
minute particles that parasitize living things
viruses
organisms that can only be observed with an electron microscope
ultramicroscopic
two structures constituting a virus
Nucleic acid and Capsid
four types of nucleic acid
ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA
protective protein coat of a virus consisting of repeating proteins
Capsid
proteins consisting a capsid
capsomeres
Nucleic acid core + capsid
nucleocapsid
outer coating of an enveloped virus
glycoproteins (virus) and lipids (host)
organisms that require a host cell to survive and replicate
obligate intracellular
viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages (phages)
VIrus with naked ssRNA particles and infects only plants
Viroids
Misfolded protein particles that cause disease (e.g. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
Prions
“plant-like,” photosynthetic organisms
Algae
study of Algae
Phycology/ Algology
unicellular algae
diatoms & dinoflagellates
TWO human illnesses caused by algae
Protothecosis and paralytic shellfish poisoning
manifests as skin ulcers
Protothecosis
variant of green alga Chlorella causing Protothecosis
Prototheca
associated w/ dinoflagellates producing neurotoxins
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Learning and culture stagnation
Medieval Period (5th- 15th century)
Era of Scientific methods and empirical observation
Modern Period (16th century)
advent of public health laws
Antiquity (Ancient CIvilization)
observed Syphilis and Typhus epidemic
Girolamo Fracastoro (Fracastorius)
Girolamo Fracastoro’s book
De Contagione (1546)
Father of microbiology who first made simple microscopes to observe microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First attack on spontaneous generation through meat and maggots experiment
Francesco Redi
disproved abiogenesis or spontaneous generation
Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experiment
Louis Pasteur’s four contributions to microbiology
fermentation, pasteurization, attenuation, Germ theory of disease
sugar + yeasts → CO2 + alcohol
fermentation
Souring of wine is caused by which bacteria that converted alcohol to acetic acid
Acetobacter
mild heating to kill spoilage and microbes
Pasteurization
Low Temperature Holding Method/ Classical/ Batch/Bulk
63 C for 30 mins
High Temperature Short time/ Flash pasteurization
72 C, 15 secs
Ultra High Temperature pasteurization
140, 0.5 secs
weakening of bacteria
Attenuation
theory of specific disease- specific microorganism
Germ Theory of Disease
Father of Bacteriologic Techniques who developed method for growth of pure culture
Robert Koch
proposed agar to solidify culture media
Walther and Fanny Hesse
developed the Petri dish
Richard Petri
discovered that aniline dyes stain microorganism selectively
Paul Erlich
Koch’s Postulates
A. suspected pathogen must be present in ill and absent in healthy
B. Suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
C. Cells from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animals
D. Pathogen must be reisolated and same as the original
dubbed “Savior of Mothers” for standardizing handwashing to reduce maternal mortality
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
disease that increased maternal mortality in Vienna General Hospital
Puerperal fever
Semmelweis proposed the use of ____ for handwashing
Chlorinated lime solution
Father or Aseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
What Lister used to clean wounds and surgical instruments
phenol or carbolic acid
Father of Vaccination
Edward Jenner
First successful vaccination
cowpox (vaccinia virus) for smallpox (variola virus)
Introduced concept of phagocytosis and cellular immunity
Elie Metchnikoff (Ilya Mechnikov)
discovered that aniline dyes not only stain microorganisms but can also kill
Paul Erlich
First chemotherapeutic substance used for Syphilis
Salvarsan (arsphenamine)
first to recognize clinical significance of antibiotics
Alexander Flemming
what Alexander Flemming observed
Penicillium mold preventing Staphylococcus growth
Study of pathogens and pathogenesis, and body’s defense against disease
Medical Microbiology
laboratory diagnosis, isolation & identification
Clinical or diagnostic microbiology
study of Infectious diseases in animals
Veterinary microbiology
human diseases acquired from animals
Zoonoses
Harmful & beneficial roles of microbiology in crops & plants
Agricultural Microbiology
Dairy products, breads, alcoholic beverages, plant and fish products
Food Microbiology
contaminating organism infects person who ingested food
Food-borne infection
toxin formed by microbial growth is ingested with the food, can be live or lysed bacterial cell
Food intoxication
purification of water supply and garbage and sewage disposal
Sanitary Microbiology
Detection of risk in production of food and water to prevent human transmission
Sanitary Microbiology
inhabit human and animal intestinal tract that indicate fecal contamination
Coliform group of bacteria
Antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins and other essential microorganisms for commercial enterprise
Industrial Microbiology
Engineering microbes with desirable traits to produce or modify products
Biotechnology
Microbial processes in soil, water, food
Microbial Ecology
Study of interrelationships between microorganisms and others and the environment
Microbial Ecology/ Environmental Microbiology
recycling of chemical elements by microbes for microbes
Biogeochemical cycle
Microorganisms in natural waters and Microbial pollution
Aquatic microbiology
Use of microbes for treatment of wastes, detoxification and degradation of pollutant
Bioremediation
species used to degrade oil in Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, 1988
Pseudomonas species
addition of nutrients (N & P) to speed up bioremediation
Bioaugmentation
Gene manipulation to produce a desired gene product
Genetic engineering
Study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids, and genes
Microbial Genetics
Classification of all living organisms
Taxonomy
Three distinct interrelated disciplines of taxonomy
Classification, Nomenclature, and Identification
Father of Taxonomy who developed the two-kingdom classification system
Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)
first classification system
Linnaean taxonomy
Created natural kingdom for microscopic organisms (three-kingdom classification)
Ernst Haeckel
kingdom for microscopic organisms
Protista
developed Five kingdom classification
Robert Whittaker
Five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)
Five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)
organisms that have nuclear membranes and that include animals, plants, algae, protozoa and fungi
Eukaryotic
organisms that lack nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic
organisms that live in colonies
colonial (bacteria)
microbes that live alone
solitary (protozoa)
two types of food procurement
ingestion (for protozoas and animals) and absorption (for fungi and plants)
two types of organism according to energy source
Phototroph and Chemotroph
gets energy from sunlight by photosynthesis
Phototroph
gets energy from oxidation of organic and inorganic chemical components
Chemotroph
two types of organism according to carbon source
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
gets carbon from CO2 (only inorganic carbon containing compound)
Autotrophs
Require organic compounds as C source
Heterotrophs
get Carbon from dead, decaying matter
Saprobes
Classification System based on similarities of observable traits or characteristics
Phenetic System of Classification
Classification System based on evolutionary relationship
phylogenetic classification system
Proposed three domain-system above kingdoms based on rRNA
Carl Woese
found in all cell types of living organisms which is the basis of classification
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
three domains
Bacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (completely unlike bacteria, except for lack of nucleus)
Eukarya (has nucleus)
bacterial cells from single parent cells that differs slightly from other cells in same species
Strains
differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains
Biovar
differ morphologically from other strains
Morphovar
have different antigenic properties from other strains
Serovars
differ from other strains based on distinctive pathogenicity
Pathovar
Assignment of names to taxonomic groups
Nomenclature
standard reference of nomenclature
Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology
eight taxonomic levels
Domain Kingdom Phylum / Division Class Order Family Tribe Genus Species
binomial system of nomenclature
Genus name + Species epithet
Process of observing and classifying organisms into standard groups
Identification
standard reference for bacterial identification
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Five processes involved in identification of bacteria
Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification
Putting bacteria in agar media
Inoculation
Growing the cultures
Incubation
Forming isolated colonies and making subcultures
Isolation
Observing macroscopic and microscopic morphology (appearance, size, texture)
Inspection
Involves staining reactions, biochemical test, immunologic & molecular tests, DNA analysis
Identification
