Module 2 (Week 3 pt.2) Flashcards
- Knowledge that is derived from reason and logic.
- Emphasizes the importance of a priori reasoning as
the appropriate method for advancing knowledge.
Rationalism
Cause and effect
(Theory-then-research strategy)
Deductive Reasoning
- Knowledge that is derived from experience and experimentation.
- Scientific knowledge can be derived only from
sensory experience (i.e., seeing, feeling, hearing
facts).
Empiricism
-a collection of facts to
formulate generalizations
-Gathering of facts through experience and
observation and then formulating theories.
(Research-then-theory)
Inductive Reasoning
Philosophers focused on the analysis of theory structure,
whereas scientists focused on empirical research
Early 20th Century Views of
Science and Theory
theory of knowledge (how to
uncover the answer to a question)
EPISTEMOLOGY
a term first used by Comte, emerged as the dominant view
of modern science.
Positivism
Modern Logical Positivist believed that 2 approaches would produce scientific results. What are the two procedures?
Deductive and Inductive
must be tested through observation and experimentation…
The scientist first
-sets up an experiment; observes
-preliminary hypothesis
-runs further experiments
-corrects or modifies the
hypothesis in light of the results.
Propositions
Empirical knowledge (knowledge derived from experience) was arranged in different patterns at a given time and in a given culture and that humans where emerging as objects of study.
Foucault (1973)
argued that scientists seeking to understand the social world could not cognitively know an external world that is independent of their own life experiences.
This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences
The Phenomenology of the Social World, Schutz (1967)
set forth a new epistemology challenging the empiricist view
proposing that theories play a significant role in determining what the scientist observes and how it is interpreted.
Brown (1977)
answered by proposing that the scientist can perceive forceful intrusions from the environment that challenge his or her a priori mental set, thereby raising questions regarding the current theoretical perspective.
Gale (1977)
maintained that a presupposed theoretical framework influences perception, however theories are not the single determining factor of the scientist’s
perception.
Brown (1977)
3 different views of the relationship between
theories and observation:
- Scientists are merely passive observers of
occurrences in the empirical world. Observable
data are objective truths waiting to be discovered. - Theories structure what the scientist perceives in
the empirical world. - Presupposed theories and observable data
interact in the process of scientific investigation
—science progresses from a pre-science, then to a normal science, then to a crisis, then to a revolution, and then to a new normal science. Once normal science develops, the process begins again when a crisis erupts and leads to revolution, and a new normal science emerges once
again. (Kuhn, 1970)
(What we understand today as the best approach to patient care based upon current science
may change with time.)
Paradigm Shirt
*The 1st component of the structural hierarchy of knowledge
*It is the most abstract component of the structural
hierarchy
*“Meta” means with and “Paradigm” means a pattern of
shared understanding and assumption
Metaparadigm
refers to the individuals, families, communities, and other groups who are participants in nursing.
Person
refers to the person’s significant others and physical surroundings, as well as to the setting in which nursing occurs, which ranges from the person’s home to clinical agencies to society as a whole.
Environment
refers to the person’s state of well-being at the time that nursing occurs, which can range from high level wellness to terminal illness.
Health
refers to the definition of nursing, the actions taken by nurses on behalf of or in conjunction with the person, and the goals or outcomes of nursing actions.
Nursing
*The 2nd component of the structural hierarchy of
contemporary nursing knowledge.
* Sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena
through analysis, reasoning and logical
presentation.
* The function of each philosophy is to inform the
members of disciplines and the general public
about the beliefs and values of a particular
discipline.
Philosophy
- The 3rd component of the of the structural
hierarchy of knowledge - A set of concepts that address the phenomena
of central interest to a discipline. - The propositions that states the relations
between two or more of the concepts. - The function of a Conceptual Model:
Simplification of reality that include only those
concepts that the model author considers as
relevant. Provides general criteria for knowing
when a problem has been resolved.
Conceptual Models
The term conceptual model is synonymous with the terms
✓Conceptual framework
✓Conceptual system
✓Paradigm
✓Disciplinary matrix
