Module 2 (Week 3 pt.1)

Question 1

What are the five eras in history of nursing theory

Answer 1

-Curriculum Era (1900 to 1940s)
-Research Era (1950 to 1970s)
-Graduate Education Era (1950 to 1970s)
-Theory Era (1980 to 1990s)
-Theory utilization Era (21st century)

Question 2

• What Content should SN study to be a nurse?
• Courses included in nursing programs
  -Standardized Curriculum published and adopted by the Mid-1930s.
• The idea of hospital-based diploma programs in colleges and universities
  emerge.
• Emphasized Course selection and Content for the nursing program.
  -Develop specialized knowledge & higher education.

Answer 2

Curriculum Era
(1900 to 1940s)

Question 3

• Nurses began to participate in research.
• Research courses included in the curricula.
• Lacks conceptual & theoretical framework —> a need
  for the development of specialized nursing knowledge
• 2 milestones: standardization of master’s degree
  curricula & doctoral education for nurses should be in
  nursing

Answer 3

Research Emphasis Era (1950n to 1970s)

Question 4

*Development of nursing knowledge = major force
* Goal: Improve Patient Care, Professional Practice
* Nursing practice should be based on Nursing Science
*Master’s degree programs emerged to meet the need for
nurses as specialists

Answer 4

Graduate Education Era (1950 to 1970s)

Question 5

*Natural outgrowth of research & graduate education eras.
* Research studies WITHOUT conceptual or theoretical framework produced
isolated information
* Emphasis: Theory Development

Research + Theory = Nursing Science

Answer 5

Theory Era (1980 to 1990s)

Question 6

• Theory application in nursing practice
• Nursing theory guides practice, research, education and administration

Answer 6

Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)

Question 7

A body of knowledge that describes
or explains nursing and is used to
support nursing practice.

Explains
Describes ==> Nursing Process
Predicts
Prescribes

Answer 7

Nurisng Theory

Question 8

Four nursing process

Answer 8

Explains
Describes
Predicts
Prescribes

Question 9

Discipline

Answer 9

-Branch of education
-Department of learning
-Domain of knowledge

Question 10

Profession

Answer 10

-Occupation with preparation in specific knowledge
-Specialized filed of practice
-Founded on theoretical structure of Science

Question 11

CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL STATUS OF NURSING

Answer 11

1. Well-organized body of specialized knowledge
2. Body of knowledge through scientific method
3. Entrust education
4. Body of knowledge in practical services vital to human and social welfare
5. Autonomously
6. Attracts individual with intellectual and personal qualities
7. Freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth

Question 12

Importance of nursing theories

Answer 12

• It assists the nursing
  discipline in clarifying the
  beliefs, values, and goals.
• Standards of clinical
  practices are developed out
  of nursing theories.
• It helps to define the unique
  contribution of nursing in the
  care of the clients.

Question 13

Analysis of Theory

Answer 13

• Clarity
• Simplicity
• Generality
• Accessibility
• Importance

Question 14

5 Nursing Theories

Answer 14

• Hildegard Pelau
• Virginia Henderson
• Faye Abdellah
• Ida Jean Orlando
• Lydia Hall

Question 15

Theory of Hildegard Peplau

Answer 15

Interpersonal Relations Theory

Question 16

Theory of Virginia Henderson

Answer 16

14 Basic Needs

Question 17

Theory of Faye Glenn Abdellah

Answer 17

21 Nursing Problems

Question 18

Theory of Ida Jean (Orlando) Pelletier

Answer 18

Nursing Process Theory

Question 19

Theory of Lydia Hall

Answer 19

Core, Care, Cure Model

Question 20

-The Nightingale of Modern Nursing
The 20th Century Florence Nightingale
Modern-Day Mother of Nursing

-60 years of service as a nurse, teacher, author, researcher

-introduced the “The Nature of Nursing
Model”

• introduced the “The Nature of Nursing
  Model”

Answer 20

Virginia Henderson

Question 21

Three Levels of nurse-patient Relationships by Virginia Henderson

Answer 21

1. A Substitute for the patients
2. A Helper to the patient
3. A Partner with the patient

Question 22

Assumptions of the Need Thoery

Answer 22

• Nurses care for patients until they
  can care for themselves once again.
• Patients desire to return to health.
• Nurses are willing to serve, and
  “nurses will devote themselves to
  the patient day and night.

Question 23

individuals requiring assistance to
achieve health and independence /
peaceful death

Answer 23

Person

Question 24

client’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided

Answer 24

Health

Question 25

all external conditions and influences that affect life and development

Answer 25

Environment

Question 26

assist and support individual in life activities and attainment of independence

Answer 26

Nursing

Question 27

• Living Legend Award given by the American Academy of Nursing (1994)
• Nurse/psychologist
• Leader in the development of nursing research (more than 150 publications)
• Chief Nurse Officer (1970 - 1987) of U.S. Public Health
  Service
• Introduced ”Patient-Centered Approaches in Nursing Model”
• Nursing as a service to individuals and families, therefore to society.

-Conceptualized nursing as an art and
science

• Identified 10 steps to identify client’s
  problems and 11 nursing skills to be used in developing treatment typology

Answer 27

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Question 28

• Developed her theory from a study in Yale University School of Nursing.
• Analyzed the content of 2,000 nurse-patient contacts
• Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of a situation and nurses must validate their inference.
• The theory was published in the Dynamic Nurse Patient Relationship

Answer 28

Ida Jean (Orlando) Pelletier

Question 29

• rooted in the interaction between a nurse and a patient at a specific time and place.

-The nurse then decides on an appropriate action to resolve the need in cooperation with the patient.

• This action is evaluated after it is carried out.
• If the patient behavior improves, the action was successful, and the process is completed.

-If there is no change or the behavior gets worse, the process recycles with new efforts.

Answer 29

Nursing Process Theory

Question 30

The Nursing Process

Answer 30

• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Question 31

The nurse completes a holistic assessment of the patient’s needs.

Answer 31

Assessment

Question 32

The nurse’s clinical judgment about health problems.

Answer 32

DIagnosis

Question 33

Each problem identified in the diagnosis is given a specific goal or outcome By the end of this stage, the
nurse will have a nursing care plan.

Answer 33

Planning

Question 34

The nurse begins using the nursing care plan { Independent, Dependent, Collaborative}

Answer 34

Implementation

Question 35

The nurse looks at the progress of the patient toward the goals set in the nursing care plan (e.g. Met or Not
Met)

Answer 35

Evaluation

Question 36

• Rehabilitation nurse who used her philosophy of nursing to establish Loeb Center for Nursing & Rehab
  at Montefiore Hospital in New York.
• The nurse functions in all three circles but to different degrees.
• Professional nursing care hastened recovery.
• Stressed autonomous function of nurses.

Answer 36

Lydia Hall

Question 37

The Person
Social Sciences
The Inner Feelings of The Person
The nurse addresses the social &
emotional needs
Therapeutic use self

Answer 37

The Core

Question 38

The Patient’s Body
Natural & Biological Sciences
Intimate bodily care — The nurse
assists ADLs with bathing, toileting

Answer 38

The Care

Question 39

The Disease
Pathological and Therapeutic Sciences
Seeing the patient & family through
medical care. The nurse applies
medical knowledge to
treatment.

Answer 39

The Cure