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Baker Semester One > Module 2 Test > Flashcards

Module 2 Test Flashcards

Chapters 4, 5, and 6

1
Q

Basic cell shapes

A

Spherical, cubical, cylindrical

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2
Q

Internal contents of cells

A

Cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists
-Membrane-bound organelles
-Double membrane bound nucleus

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Includes bacteria and archaea
-No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-Smaller and less complex

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5
Q

Characteristics of life

A

-Reproduction and heredity
-Growth and development
-Metabolism
-Movement and/or irritability
-Cell support, protection, and storage
-Transport of nutrients and waste

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6
Q

Prokaryotes: Appendages for motility

A

Flagella and axial filament (periplasmic flagella)

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7
Q

Prokaryotes: Appendages for attachment or channels

A

Fimbrae and pili

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8
Q

What composes a flagella?

A

Filament- long, thin, helical structure composed of flagellin
Hook- curved sheath
Basal body- stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall

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9
Q

Monotrichous flagella

A

single flagellum at end

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10
Q

Lophotrichous flagella

A

Small bunches emerging from the same site

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11
Q

Amphitricous flagella

A

Rare flagella at both ends of cell

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12
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

flagella dispersed all over surface of cellP

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13
Q

Phototaxis

A

light stimuli

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14
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemical stimuli

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15
Q

+ vs - taxis

A

+=toward/attracted to
-= away/deterred from

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16
Q

Motion in flagella

A

Counterclockwise- run
Clockwise- tumble

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17
Q

Periplasmic flagella

A

-Internal flagella enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and cell wall (peptidoglycan)

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18
Q

How do periplasmic flagella produce motility?

A

By contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motions

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19
Q

Prokaryotes: Fimbriae

A

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from cell surface

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20
Q

Fimbriae Function

A

Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

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21
Q

Prokaryotes: Pili

A

Rigid, tubular structure made of pilin
Gram-negative cells only

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22
Q

Function of pili

A

Function to join cells for partial DNA transfer

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23
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA transfer– send genetic material via channel

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24
Q

Prokaryotes: Glycocalyx

A

Coating of molecules external to cell wall made of sugars and/or proteins

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25
Q

Prokaryotes: Types of glycocalyx

A

Slime layer- loosely organized and attached– function in attachment
Capsule- highly organized, tightly attached– function in protectionF

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26
Q

Prokaryotes: Functions of the glycocalyx

A

-Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
-Inhibit killing by wbc by phagocytosis
-Attachment- formation of biofilms

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27
Q

Prokaryotes: Cell Envelope

A

-External covering outside cytoplasm (cell wall and cell membrane)
-Maintains cell integrity

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28
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

-Thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
-Retain crystal violet, stain purple

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29
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

-Two cell membranes with a small layer of peptidoglycan in between
-Retain safranin, stain red/pink
-More difficult to penetrate (harder to kill)

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30
Q

Chemical components of gram-positive bacteria cell wall

A

Techoic acid and lipoteichoic acid- function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division

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31
Q

Chemical components of gram-negative bacteria cell wall

A

Lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane- function as receptors to block immune response
-Contain porin proteins in upper layer- regulate molecules entering and leaving cell

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32
Q

Nontypical cell wall of mycobacterium and nocardia

A

-Gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic acid
-Pathogenicity and high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes
-Acid-fast stain used for diagnosis

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33
Q

Mycoplasma Cell wall

A

-No cell wall

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34
Q

Prokaryotes: Cell membrane structure

A

-Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
-Semipermeable

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35
Q

Functions of phospholipid bilayer

A

-Energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis
-Passage of nutrients in and discharge of waste

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36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

70-80% water- solvent for materials used in all cell functions

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37
Q

Nucleoid

A

No envelope-chromosome, circular, double-stranded DNA

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38
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Protein synthesis
-Two subunits
-Found in all cells
-Rough ER in eukaryotic cells

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39
Q

Inclusions and granules

A

Bacterial internal structures
-Intracellular storage bodies
-Cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted

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40
Q

Endospores

A

Inert, resting cells produce by some G+ genera

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41
Q

Life cycle of endospores

A

Vegetative cell- metabolically active and growing
Endospore- adverse environment conditions; capable of high resistance and very long-term survival

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42
Q

Sporulation

A

Formation of endospores

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43
Q

Germination

A

Return to vegetative growth

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44
Q

Coccus

A

spherical shaped

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45
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

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46
Q

Coccobacillus

A

Very short and plump shape (football)

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47
Q

Vibrio

A

Gently curved shape

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48
Q

Spirillum

A

Helical, comma, twisted rod shape

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49
Q

Spirochete

A

Spring-like shape

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50
Q

Pleomorphism

A

variation in cell shape and size within a single species

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51
Q

Bacterial arrangements

A

arrangements of cells is dependent on pattern of division

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52
Q

Cocci arrangements

A

-Singles
-Diplococci- in pairs
-Tetrads- groups of four
-Irregular clusters
-Chains- strep
-Cubical packets (sarcina)

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53
Q

Bacilli arrangements

A

-Diplobacilli
-Chains
-Palisades

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54
Q

How do prokaryotes provide for eukaryotes?

A

-Recycling carbon and nitrogen
-C fixation
-N fixation

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55
Q

Carbon fixation

A

converting CO2 to organic C

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56
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

covert nitrogen to ammonia

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57
Q

Microbial ecology

A

study of symbiotic relationships

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58
Q

Community

A

Prokaryotes live in groups that interact with organisms

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59
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Any interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community

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60
Q

Mutualism

A

Both populations benefit

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61
Q

Amensalism

A

Population A is harmed while population B is unaffected

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62
Q

Commensalism

A

Population A is benefitted while population B is unaffected

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63
Q

Neutralism

A

Both populations are unaffected

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64
Q

Parasitism

A

Population A is benefitted while population B is harmed

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65
Q

Microbiome

A

all the microorganisms that are associated with a certain organism or environment

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66
Q

Resident microbiota

A

microorganisms that are always present

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67
Q

Transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that are only temporarily present- often pathogenic

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68
Q

Classification of prokaryotes

A

Shapes, staining patterns, and biochemical or physiological differences- more recently added nucleotide sequences in genes

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69
Q

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology

A

The main source of how to classify bacteria

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70
Q

Archea

A

-primitive, adapted to extreme habitats, and modes of nutrition (adapt to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure, and atmosphere)
-Unicellular
-More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
-Unique membrane lipids and cell walls
-Contain unique genetic sequences in the rRNA

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71
Q

Phylum proteobacteria

A

-Gram-negative
-Additional cell membrane
-Spirochetes, CFB

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72
Q

Phylum Firmicutes

A

-Mainly gram-positive with low G and C content
Pathogens- anthrax. tetanus, listeriosis

73
Q

Phylum actinobacteria

A

-Gram-positive with high G and C content
Pathogens: diphtheria and tuberculosis

74
Q

Phenotypic ID of prokaryotic cells

A

cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits
restricted to bacterial disease agents

75
Q

Bacterial Species

A

collection of bacteria cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits

76
Q

Bacterial strain or variety

A

Culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

77
Q

Bacterial type

A

a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses, and in pathogenicity

78
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria

A

Photosynthesize
Cyanobacteria- gram-negative cell walls-have extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions
Green and purple sulfur bacteria
Gliding, fruiting bacteria

79
Q

Rickettsias

A

-Tiny gram-negative bacteria
-Most are pathogenic
-Obligate intracellular pathogens (can’t multiply outside host cell)
-Rickettsia rickettsii

80
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

81
Q

Chalmydias

A

-Tiny
-Obligate intracellular parasites
-Not transmitted by arthropods
-Chlamydia trachomatis
-Chlamydia pneumoniae

82
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

severe eye infection and one of most common STDs

83
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

lung infections

84
Q

6 I’s of Culturing microbes

A

-Inoculation
-Isolation
-Incubation
-Information gathering
-Inspection
-Identification

85
Q

Bacterial culture Isolation

A

-Separating one species from another
Streak plate
Pour plate
Spread plate

86
Q

Bacterial culture Inoculation

A

intro of sample into a container of media

87
Q

Bacterial culture Incubation

A

putting under conditions that allow growthI

88
Q

Bacterial culture Inspection

A

pure culture vs mixed culture
checking for contamination

89
Q

Bacterial culture Identification

A

-Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
-DNA sequence
-Biochemical tests
-Immunological tests

90
Q

Classification of medias

A

-Physical state- liquid, semisolid, solid
-Chemical composition- synthetic and complex
-Functional type

91
Q

Agar

A

-Most common solid media
-Solid at room temp
-Provides a framework to hold moisture and nutrients
-Not digestive for most microbes

92
Q

Synthetic media

A

contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

93
Q

Complex or nonsynthetic media

A

Contains at least 1 ingredient that is not chemically definable

94
Q

General purpose media

A

grows a broad range of microbes, usually not synthetic

95
Q

Enriched media

A

Contains complex organic substances

96
Q

Selective media

A

contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of desired microbes

97
Q

Differential media

A

Allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes

98
Q

Reducing media

A

contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen into medium; anaerobic bacteria

99
Q

Carb fermentation media

A

contains sugar that can be fermented, converted to acids, and a pH indicator to show this reaction

100
Q

Basic stain

A

Stain negatively charged molecules and structures- result is positive stain

101
Q

Acidic stains

A

Stain positively charged molecules and structures- result can be negative or positive stain

102
Q

Negative stains

A

Stains background, not specimen

103
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotes
-Mereschknowski
-Wallin
Lynn Margulls

104
Q

Eukaryotic flagella

A

-Bigger than in prokaryotes
-Only present in sperm in humans

105
Q

Cilia

A

Motility, feeding, and filtering
-Shorter and more numerous than flagella

106
Q

Eukaryotic Cell wall (membrane)

A

-Provides structural support and shape
-Fungi have thick layer of polysaccharide fibers compose of chitin or cellulose

107
Q

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

A

-Bilayer of phospholipids
-Sterols confer stability
-Selectively permeable

108
Q

Nucelus

A

-Compact sphere
-Nuclear envelope contains pores
-Contains chromosomes

109
Q

Nucleolus

A

The dark area of the nucleus where rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly occur

110
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase–>Metaphase–>Anaphase–Telophase–>Cytokinesis

111
Q

Prophase

A

The first part of mitosis. Genetic material condenses

112
Q

Metaphase

A

The second part of mitosis. Chromosomes line up in the middle

113
Q

Anaphase

A

The third part of mitosis. Separation starts

114
Q

Telophase

A

The final phase of mitosis. Chromosomes move to the poles and cleavage begins

115
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final and complete separation into two identical daughter cells

116
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes; synthesize proteins; extension of nucleus

117
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes; nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids

118
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
-Creates vesicles
Stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae

119
Q

Transport processes

A

Nucleus–>rough er–> Golgi–> vesicles–> secretion

120
Q

Lysosomes

A

-Vesicles containing enzymes from Golgi
-Intracellular digestion of food particles and protection against invading microbes

121
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane bound sac containing particles to be digested, excreted or stored Membrane-bound

122
Q

Phagosome

A

Vacuole merged with a lysosome

123
Q

Mitochondria

A

-Energy production (ATP)
-Outer membrane and inner membrane with folds called cristae
-Divide independent of cell
-Contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes

124
Q

Chloroplast

A

-Photosynthesis
-Thylakoids stacked into grana
-Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms
-Found in algae and plant cells

125
Q

Eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

-Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments, and microtubules form a network throughout cytoplasm
-Movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support

126
Q

Algae

A

-Eukaryotic organisms
-Usually unicellular and colonial
-Photosynthesize with chlorophyll
-Can have flagella
-Have a cell wall
-Biggest producers of oxygen

127
Q

Protozoa

A

-Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry
-Lack a cell wall
-Colonies rare
-Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
-Heterotrophic
-Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
-Some are animal parasites spread by an insect vector
-Diverse
-Most have locomotor structures

128
Q

Microscopic vs macroscopic forms of algae

A

Microscopic- unicellular, colonial, and filamentous
Macroscopic- The colonies

129
Q

Free living, fresh and marine water alage

A

Plankton

130
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

A group of algae that can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms

131
Q

How do protozoa feed?

A

By engulfing other microbes and organic matter

132
Q

Protozoan Trophozoite

A

Motile feeding stage

133
Q

Protozoan cyst

A

Dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding

134
Q

Protozoan Reproduction

A

Sexually (conjugation) and asexually (mitosis or multiple fission)

135
Q

Mastigophora (euglena)

A

*Protozoa
-Primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid
-Sexual reproduction

136
Q

Sarcodina (Amoeba)

A

*Protozoa
-Primarily amoeba
-Asexual by fission
-Most free-living

137
Q

Ciliphora (Paramecium)

A

*Protozoa
-Cilia
-Trophozoites and cysts
-Most free-living
-Harmless

138
Q

Apicomplexa

A

*Protozoa
-Motility absent except male gametes
-Sexual and asexual reproduction
-Complex life cycle
-All parasitic

139
Q

T. Brucei

A

African sleeping sickness

140
Q

T. Cruzi

A

Chaga’s disease; south America

141
Q

Trypanosomes-Trypanosoma

A

-Pathogenic flagellates
-T. Brucei and T. Cruzi
-Infect animal is bit by a bug–> bug bites human or another animal and infects them–>cycle continues

142
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

-Infective amoeba
-amebic dysentery
-Worldwide
-Contracted via contaminated water
-Life cycle takes place in digestive tract

143
Q

Parasitic Helminths

A

-Multicellular animals
-Parasitize host tissue
-Mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
-Well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm
-Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body

144
Q

Flatworms

A

-Flat, no definite body cavity
-Have a digestive tract, blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems
-Includes cestodes (tapeworms)
-Includes Trematodes (flukes)

145
Q

Cestodes

A

tapeworms

146
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes
Flattened, non-segmented worms with sucking mouth parts

147
Q

Nematodes (Round worms)

A

Round, complete digestive tract, protective surface cuticle, spikes and hooks on mouth

148
Q

How are parasitic helminths acquired by humans?

A

-Ingestion of larvae or eggs in food
-from soil or water
-carried by insect vectors

149
Q

Heartworm Life Cycle

A

1.) Mosquitos take a blood meal and the heartworm larvae enter the bite wound
2.) Adults in the pulmonary arteries
3.) Adults produce microfilariae that are found in peripheral blood
4.) Mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests microfilaria
5.) Microfilariae migrate in mosquito
6.) Enter the first larvae stage
7.) After third larvae stage they enter the mosquitos head so they can enter a bite wound

150
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that can’t produce their own food and instead takes nutrition from other organic sources; mainly plant and animal matter

151
Q

Saprozoic

A

Feeding on dead or decaying plant and animal matter

152
Q

What are the two morphologies of microscopic fungi?

A

Yeast and hyphae

153
Q

Yeast

A

-Microscopic fungi
-Round ovoid shape
-Soft uniform texture and appearance
-Asexual reproduction- budding

154
Q

Hyphae

A

-Microscopic fungi
-Long filamentous fungi or molds

155
Q

Fungal Nutrition

A

-All are heterotrophic
The majority are harmless saprobes living off of dead plant or animal matter
-Some are parasites living on the tissues of other organisms

156
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungal infection

157
Q

Filamentous Fungi

A

-Mass of hyphae called mycelium
-Cotton, hairy, or velvety texture

158
Q

Septate

A

cross walls that divide hyphae

159
Q

Vegetative hyphae

A

digest and absorb nutrients

160
Q

Reproductive hyphae

A

produces spores for reproduction

161
Q

Phylum zygomycota

A

-zygospores
-Mostly sporangiospores and some conida

162
Q

Phylum ascomyota

A

-Ascospores
-Conida

163
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

-Basidiospores
-Conida

164
Q

Phylum Chytridomycota

A

-Flagellated spores

165
Q

Fungal Asexual Reproduction

A

Spores formed through budding or mitosis; sporangiospores or conidia

166
Q

Conidia

A

-Asexual fungal spores
-Produced on the side or tip of hyphae
-Single-celled and can be produced in chains or singly
-When mature they detach and are exposed to external environment

167
Q

Sporangiospores

A

-Asexual fungal spores
-Produced inside sac-like cells called sporangia (protect them until mature)
-Spherical or cylindrical in shape
-Once sporangium matures it blackens and splits open to release the sporangiospores

168
Q

Sexual Fungal Reproduction

A

spores formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure

169
Q

Zygospores

A

-Formed by Zygomycete fungi through conjugation
-Two compatible hyphae fuse to create a thick-walled resistant spore
-typically spherical in shape

170
Q

Ascospores

A

-Produced by ascomycete fungi
-Ascospores develop inside a sac like structure called an ascus
-Very shape depending on species

171
Q

Basidiospores

A

-Found in basidiomycete fungi
-Produced on specialized club-shaped structures called basidia
-Typically single celled and often with a smooth or ornamented surface

172
Q

Chytridomycota

A

-Division of zoosporic organisms
-Amphibian chytrid fungus (chytridiomycosis)

173
Q

Chytridomycosis

A

-Amphibian chytrid fungus
-An infectious fungal disease that can be fatal to amphibians and has caused extinctions

174
Q

Fungal Identification

A

-Isolation on specific media
-Observation of: asexual spore-forming structures and spores, hyphal type, colony texture and pigmentation, physiological characteristics, genetic makeup

175
Q

Adverse impacts of fungi

A

-Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
-Destruction of crops and food storages

176
Q

Beneficial Impacts of Fungi

A

-decomposers of dead plants and animals
-sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
-Used in making foods and in genetic studies

177
Q

Penicillin

A

-An antibiotic derived from the fungi Penicillium
-Most commonly used for streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)

178
Q

Thrush

A

An abundance of yeast can occur as a result of taking too many antibiotics

Baker Semester One (6 decks)

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