Microbiology Midterm

Question 1

Microorganisms

Answer 1

an organism to small to be seen without a microscope

Question 2

The 6 Types of Microbes

Answer 2

Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Virus
Protozoa
Helminths

Question 3

Spontaneous generation

Answer 3

Notion that life can arise from nonliving matter

Question 4

Theory of biogenesis

Answer 4

The idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Question 5

Who correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward? They also proposed handwashing to prevent transfer of diseases between patients

Answer 5

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 6

Who introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections? The techniques involved the use of disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery and the use of heat for sterilization

Answer 6

Joseph Lister

Question 7

Germ Theory

Answer 7

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty

Question 8

Who is credited with disproving spontaneous generation?

Answer 8

Louis pasteur

Question 9

What experiment is most popularly known for disproving spontaneous generation?

Answer 9

Francesco Redi’s meat and maggots experiment

Question 10

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 10

A sequence of experimental steps that verified germ theory. Talked about pathogens

Question 11

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 11

Gives each microbe two names: Genus species (italicized)

Question 12

Taxonomy

Answer 12

organizing, classifying, and naming of living things

Question 13

Taxonomic hierarchy from least specific to most specific

Answer 13

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum or division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 14

Who first discovered microorganisms?

Answer 14

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 15

Hypothesis

Answer 15

Explanation for how something works

Question 16

Two branches of prokaryotes

Answer 16

Bacteria and archaea

Question 17

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 17

Simple, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

Question 18

Pili

Answer 18

-Only prokaryotes
-Right tubular structure made of pilin
-Gram negative cells only
-Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer- conjugation

Question 19

Capsule

Answer 19

A sticky, gel-like layer on the cell wall that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and provides protection

Question 20

Flagella

Answer 20

-Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
-long, rigid spiral structures used by cells for motility
-Composed of a filament, a hook, and a basal body

Question 21

Periplasmic flagella

Answer 21

Internal flagella enclosed in between outer sheath and cell wall
-Produce motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion

Question 22

Fimbriae

Answer 22

Filamentous appendages found on bacterial cells that aid in adherence to host cells

Question 23

Cell envelope

Answer 23

(plasma membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyces
-External covering outside cytoplasm
-Maintains cell integrity

Question 24

Cell wall

Answer 24

-Structure in the cell envelope that helps the cell maintain its shape and prevents lysis to changing osmotic pressures
-Peptidoglycan is the primary component

Question 25

Gram Positive Cell Wall

Answer 25

-Teichoic acid and lipotechoic acid- function in cell wall maintenance and enlargment during cell division
-Some have periplasmic membrane between cell membrane and cell wall
-Thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 26

Gram Negative Cell Wall

Answer 26

-Two membranes with a thin peptidoglycan layer between them
-Outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides

Question 27

What is makes the cell wall of mycoplasma nontypical?

Answer 27

No cell wall

Question 28

Main function of a phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)

Answer 28

Semi permeability allows specific molecules in and out

Question 29

Nucleoid

Answer 29

The region in a prokaryotic cell that contains most of the cell’s genetic material

Question 30

Ribosomes

Answer 30

-Protein synthesis
-Two sub units
-Found in all cells

Question 31

Inclusions and granules of bacterial cells

Answer 31

-Intracellular storage bodies
-Cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted

Question 32

Endospores

Answer 32

-A cellular structure formed by some bacteria in response to adverse conditions; preserves DNA of the cell in a dormant state until conditions are favorable again

Question 33

Sporulation of endospores

Answer 33

formation of endospores
-Not a means of reproduction

Question 34

Endospore Germination

Answer 34

Return to vegetative growth

Question 35

Bacterial shapes

Answer 35

Coccus
Bacillus
Coccobacillus
Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochete

Question 36

Coccus

Answer 36

spherical

Question 37

Bacillus

Answer 37

Rod

Question 38

Coccobacillus

Answer 38

Short and plump- football shaped

Question 39

Vibrio

Answer 39

Gently curved- apostrophe shaped

Question 40

Spirillum

Answer 40

Helical, comma, twisted rod

Question 41

Spirochete

Answer 41

Spring-like shape

Question 42

Archaea

Answer 42

Primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition
Prokaryotes

Question 43

6 Is of culturing microbes

Answer 43

Inoculation
Isolation
Incubation
Information Gathering
Inspection
Identification

Question 44

Inoculation of bacteria

Answer 44

Introduction of a sample into a container of media

Question 45

Isolation of bacteria

Answer 45

Separating species from one another
Methods:
Streak plate
Pour plate
Spread plate

Question 46

Incubation of bacteria

Answer 46

Putting under conditions that allows growth

Question 47

Inspection of bacteria

Answer 47

Pure culture vs mixed cultures
Check for contaminates

Question 48

Identification of bacteria

Answer 48

-Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
-DNA sequence
-Chemical and metabolic characteristics
-Immunological tests