A & P Lab Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Bones
A
-Provide support
-Provide protection
-Act as levers
-Storage sites
2
Q
Arthr/o
A
joint
3
Q
Articular
A
joint
4
Q
Chondr/o
A
cartilage
5
Q
Cost/o
A
rib
6
Q
Os
A
bone
7
Q
Oste/o
A
bone
8
Q
Cancellous bone
A
light and spongy
9
Q
Compact bone
A
Heavy and dense
10
Q
Long bones
A
-Longer than they are wide
-Distal and proximal epiphysis
-Diaphysis
-Epiphyseal plates
-Mainly cancellous bony covered with a thin layer of compact bone
11
Q
Diaphysis
A
shaft of a long bone
12
Q
Epiphyseal plates
A
Growth plates in long bones
13
Q
Short bones
A
-Shaped like cubes
-Inner core of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
14
Q
Flat bones
A
-Flat and thin
-Central layer of cancellous bone covered on both sides by thin layer of compact bone
15
Q
Irregular bones
A
Oddly shaped bones that don’t fit into other categories
16
Q
Articular surfaces
A
Smooth areas of compact bone that come into contact with smooth surfaces of another bone to form a joint
17
Q
Condyle
A
large, round articular surface
18
Q
Head
A
Spherical in shape and found at proximal end of a long bone
19
Q
Facet
A
flat articular surface
20
Q
Processes
A
lumps and bumps on bones
21
Q
Fossa
A
a depressed, sunken area on the surface of a bone
-Usually occupied by muscles or tendons
22
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Skull
Hyoid bone
Spinal column
Ribs
Sternum
23
Q
Bones of cranium
A
Frontal bones
Interparietal bones
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
24
Q
Bones of the face
A
Incisive bones
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
Maxillary bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
25
Foramen magnum
Large opening where the spinal cord exits the skull
26
Occipital condyles
On the occipital bone, forms a joint with the atlas
27
External acoustic meatus
Opening leads to middle and inner ear cavities
*in the temporal bone
28
Tympanic bullae
Egg shaped swellings on the ventral surface of the temporal bone that contain the middle ear structures
29
Cornual processes
Where the horn develops around in the front bone of horned animals
30
Which bones house the upper incisor teeth?
Incisive bones
31
What bones house the upper canine teeth and upper premolar and molar teeth
Maxillary bones
32
What bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
33
Which bones contain the maxillary sinuses?
Maxillary bones
34
What bones contain the lacrimal sacs?
Lacrimal bones
35
What forms the cheek bones?
Zygomatic bones
36
Mandible in dogs, cats, and cattle
Two bones united rostrally by the mandibular symphysis
37
Mandible in adult horses and swine
One solid bone
38
Shaft of mandible
The horizontal part that houses all lower teeth
39
Ramus of the mandible
The vertical part at the caudal end that forms the temporomandibular joint
40
Which bones play a role in the conditioning of inhaled air?
Turbinates
41
Hyoid bone
-Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx
42
Parts of a vertebrae
Ventral body, dorsal arch, and a group of processes
43
What are the five regions of the spinal column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
44
Cervical vertebrae
neck region
45
Thoracic vertebrae
chest region
46
Lumbar vertebrae
abdominal region
47
sacral vertebrae
pelvic region
48
coccygeal vertebrae
tail
49
Atlas
-First cervical vertebrae
-Forms the atlantooccipital joint
50
Axis
-Second cervical vertebrae
51
Costochondral junction
where the cartilaginous part of the rib meets the bony part of the rib
52
Sternebrae
bones that make up the sternum
53
Manubrium
first sternebra
54
Xiphoid process
Last sternebra
55
Thoracic limb
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
56
Pelvic limb
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
57
Glenoid cavity
-Socket part of the shoulder joint
-On the scapula
58
What is the main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium?
Radius
59
Metacarpal bones of dogs and cats
Typically five number from medial (1) to lateral (5)
60
Metacarpal bones of ruminants
-A large metacarpal bone (cannon bone)
61
Metacarpal bones in Horses
-Single large metacarpal bone (metacarpal III)-commonly called the cannon bone
-Two small and incomplete metacarpal bones on either side (II and IV)- commonly called the splint bones
62
Forefoot phalanges of dogs and cat
-When present, Digit I is called the Dewclaw
-Distal phalanx contains the ungual process surrounded by the claw
63
Forefoot phalanges of Ruminants
-Four digits
-III and IV support weight
-II and V are non weight bearing declaws
64
Forefoot phalanges of horses
-Proximal phalanx (long pastern), middle phalanx (short pastern), and distal phalanx (coffin bone)
-Distal sesamoid commonly called the navicular bone
65
Pelvis
-Made up of fused Ilium, ischium, and pubis
-Two halves are joined by the pelvic symphysis
66
Acetabulum
-On lateral surface of pelvis and receives head of femur to form hip joint
67
Obturator foramina
Two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that serve to reduce the weight of the pelvis
68
Patella
-"Knee cap"
-Largest sesamoid in the body
69
What is the main weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
Tibia
70
Fibula in dog and cat vs horses and cattle
-Complete in dogs and cats
-Incomplete in horses and cattle
71
Calcaneal tuberosity
Part of the tarsal bones- calcaneus projects upwards and backwards to form the point of the hock
72
Hock
tarsus
73
Metatarsal bones of dogs and cats
Four numbered from medial (II) to lateral (V)
74
Metatarsal bones in ruminants
Large metatarsal (cannon bone) formed from two fused bones`
75
Metatarsal bones in horses
-Single large metatarsal bone (III)- Commonly called cannon bone
-Two small, incomplete metatarsals on either side (II and IV)- commonly called splint bones
76
Fibrous joints
-Synarthroses
-No movement
77
Cartilaginous joints
-Amphiarthroses
-Slight rocking movement
78
Synovial joints
-Diarthroses
-Free movement
79
Aponeurosis
Dense fibrous connective tissue organized into a thin sheet of tissue
80
Tendon
attaches muscle to bone
81
Muscle origin
attachment at the less movable end of the muscle
82
Muscle insertion
attachment at the more movable end of the muscle
83
Muscle action
the body movement that a contraction of the muscle will produce
84
Encephal/o
brain
85
Meningi/o
meninges
86
Myel/o
spinal cord
87
Neur/o
nerve
88
Four divisions of the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem
89
Cerebrum
-Largest and most rostral part of brain
-Responsible for learning and intelligence, for receiving and interpreting sensory information, and where the conscious mind resides
90
Cerebellum
-Caudal to cerebrum
-Coordinates movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes
91
Diencephalon
-Passageway between brainstem and cerebrum
92
Brainstem
-Most primitive part of brain
-Contains centers that control basic body functions
-Connects brain with spinal cord
93
Longitudinal fissure
separates cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
94
Olfactory bulbs
Receive info from the olfactory nerves then send impulses to the cerebrum via the olfactory tracts
95
Gyri
Hills or ridge on the surface of the cerebrum
96
Sulci
shallow depressions in the surface of the cerebrum between the gyri
97
Cranial Nerve I
-Olfactory nerve
-Smell
98
Cranial Nerve II
-Optic nerve
-Vision
99
Cranial Nerve III
-Oculomotor nerve
-External and internal eye muscles
100
Cranial Nerve IV
-Trochlear nerve
-External and internal eye muscles
101
Cranial Nerve V
-Trigeminal nerve
-Head and teeth sensations, chewing muscles
102
Cranial Nerve VI
-Abducent nerve
-External eye muscles
103
Cranial Nerve VII
-Facial nerve
-Facial muscles, salivation, tear production, taste
104
VIII
-Vestibulocochlear nerve
-Balance, hearing
105
Cranial Nerve IX
-Glossopharyngeal nerve
-Tongue muscles, swallowing, salivation, taste
106
Cranial Nerve X
-Vagus nerve
-Sensory to respiratory tree and GI tract. Motor to larynx, pharynx, abdominal and thoracic organs
107
Cranial Nerve XI
-Accessory nerve
-Head movment
108
Cranial Nerve XII
-Hypoglossal nerve
-Tongue muscles
109
Corpus callosum
-Nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
110
Pituitary gland
-Only the externally visible part of the diencephalon
-Master endocrine gland
111
Thalamus
-Structure of diencephalon
-Relay station for regulating sensory inputs to cerebrum
-Circle structure ventral to corpus callosum
112
Hypothalamus
-Structure of diencephalon
-Bridge between nervous system and endocrine system
-Between thalamus and pituitary gland
113
Pineal body
-Structure of diencephalon
-Bean shaped structure located caudal to thalamus
114
Medulla oblongata
-Area of brainstem that connects with spinal cord
115
Pons
-Just rostral to medulla oblongata
116
Midbrain
-located between pons and cerebrum
117
Gray matter
-Contains most of the neuron cell bodies and is where many nerve impulses are initiated
118
White matter
Consists of many myelinated nerve fibers. Carries impulses in and out of gray matter
119
Meninges
Connective tissue layer covering the brain and spinal cord
120
Dura mater
Outermost, thickest, and toughest meninges layer
121
Arachnoid
Middle layer of the meninges. Filled with CSF
122
Pia Mater
Innermost meningeal layer
123
Gustat/o
taste
124
Noci
pain
125
Ocul/o
eye
126
Olfact/o
smell
127
Ophthalm/o
eye
128
Nociception
process of experiencing pain
129
Four parts of pain
transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
130
Transduction of pain
conversion of painful stimulus to a nerve impulse
131
Transmission of pain
transmission of the impulse up to the spinal cord along nerve fibers
132
Modulation of pain
amplification or suppression of sensory nerve impulses in the spinal cord
133
Perception of pain
Perception of the painful impulses by the brain- when pain is felt by the animal
134
Gustatory cells
Receptors that detect chemical substances dissolve in saliva
135
Papillae
Small elevated structures of the tongue
136
Pinna
the earflap- part of the ear that can be seen from the outside
137
External auditory canal
Soft membrane lined tube that conducts sound wave vibrations to the tympanic membrane
-L-shaped
138
Middle ear
-An air-filled cavity within the temporal bone between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
-contains the ossicles
139
Ossicles
Three small bones that transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
140
Eustachian tube
-Tube that connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx and equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane
141
Cochlea
-Fluid-filled, snail shell shaped structure that contains receptors for hearing
142
Vestivule
-Sense linear motion and the position of the head
-Located in inner ear between cochlea and semicircular canals
143
Semicircular canals
-Sense rotary motion of the head
-located in inner ear medial to the vestibule
144
Cornea
transparent window on the rostral surface of the eye that admits light to the interior of the eye
145
Sclera
The white of the eye
146
Limbus
where the sclera and cornea meet
147
Iris
-Colored portion of the eye
-Pigmented, muscular diaphragm that controls the amount of light admitted to the eye
148
Pupil
-Opening or hole in center of iris through which light passes
149
Ciliary body
-Located just behind the iris
-Ring-shaped structure that controls the shape of the lens
150
Lens
-Multiple concentric layers of tiny transparent connective tissue fibers
151
Suspensory ligaments
Attach the lens to the muscles of the ciliary body to control its shape
152
Choroid
-Contains dark pigment and blood vessels that supply the retina
153
Tapetum
-Highly reflective area of the choroid
-Acts as a light amplifier to aid vision in dim light
154
Retina
-Working layer of the eye
-Converts light rays that have been focused on it to nerve impulses
-Contains rods and cones
155
Rods
-Sensitive to dim light
156
Cones
-Sensitive to color and detail
157
Optic disc
-Where the nerve fibers from the retina converge
-Blind spot in the eye
158
Optic nerve
carries visual impulses from the eye to the optic chiasm
159
Optic chiasm
-Where half the nerve fibers carrying visual impulses from the right eye go to the left side of the brain and vice versa
160
Aqueous compartment
-Rostral to the lens
-Filled with aqueous humor
-Divided into anterior and posterior chamber
161
Anterior chamber
Between iris and cornea
162
Posterior chamber
between iris and lens
163
Vitreous compartment
-Caudal to lens
-Filled with gelatinous vitreous humor
164
Medial canthus
Medial junction of the eyelids
165
Lateral canthus
Lateral junction of the eyelids
166
Conjunctiva
A thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front part of the eyeball
-Mucous membrane
167
Palpebral conjunctiva
Lines the eyelids
168
Bulbar conjuctiva
Covers front part of eyeball
169
Conjunctival sac
Space between the palpebral and bulbar layers of conjunctiva
170
Tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
-Tiny glands along each eyelid margin that secrete a waxy substance that helps keep tears from overflowing
171
Third eyelid
Located at the medial canthus of the eye behind the two eyelids
-Covered on both sides by palpebral conjunctiva
172
Lacrimal puncta
Openings into the nasolacrimal system located in the medial canthus
173
Nasolacrimal system
System of tubes that carries tears into the nasal passages
174
Extraocular muscles
Hold the eyeball steady and produce delicate and accurate eye movements
175
Negative feedback pathways
correct a deviation from normal and ensure that hormone production is inhibited once homeostasis is achieved
176
Positive feedback pathways
The desired effect of the hormone stimulates more hormone production thus encouraging a deviation from normal
177
Hormones released by the hypothalamus
-Oxytocin
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
178
Adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary gland
179
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
-Growth hormone (GH)
-Prolactin
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
180
Hormones stored in posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
181
Hormones produced by the thyroid gland
T3
T4
Calcitonin
182
Hormones produced by the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
183
Hormones produced by the adrenal gland
Glucocorticoid hormones
Mineralocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
184
Androgens
male sex hormones
185
Hormones released by the testis
Androgens
185
Estrogens
female sex hormones
185
Hormones produced by the pancreas
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
186
Hormones released by the ovary
Estrogens
Progestins
187
Growth Hormone (GH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Targets: all body cells
Action: Growth, metabolic regulation
188
Prolactin
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Female-mammary gland
Action: Lactation
*No known effect in males*
189
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Thyroid gland
Action: Thyroid hormone production
190
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Adrenal cortex
Action: Adrenocortical hormone production
191
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target:
In females-ovary (follicles)
In males- seminiferous tubules
Action:
In females- Oogenesis
In males- Spermatogenesis
192
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target:
In females- ovary
In males- testis
Action:
In females- ovulation and corpus luteum production
In males- Testosterone production
193
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Unknown
Action: Unknown
194
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Gland: Posterior pituitary
Target: Kidney
Action: Water conservation
195
Oxytocin
Gland: Posterior pituitary
Target:
Female- uterus and mammary gland
Male- no known target
Action:
Female- Contraction at parturition and milk let-down
Male- No known effect
196
Calcitonin
Gland: Thyroid
Target: Bones
Action: Prevents hypercalcemia
196
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Gland: Thyroid
Target: All body cells
Action: Growth, metabolic regulation
197
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Gland: Parathyroid
Target: Kidneys, intestines, bones
Action: Prevents hypocalcemia
198
Glucocorticoid hormones
Gland: Adrenal cortex
Target: Whole body
Action: Increased blood glucose, blood pressure maintenance
199
Mineralocorticoid hormones
Gland: Adrenal cortex
Target: Kidneys
Action: Sodium and water retention, potassium elimination
200
Sex hormones
Gland: adrenal cortex
Target: whole body
Action: minimal effects
201
Epinephrine and norepinhephrine
Gland: Adrenal medulla
Target: Whole body
Action: part of fight-or-flight response
202
Insulin
Gland: Pancreas
Target: All body cells
Action: movement of glucose into cells and its use for energy
203
Glucagon
Gland: Pancreas
Target: whole body
Action: Increased blood glucose
204
Androgen hormones
Gland: Testis
Target: whole body
Action: Anabolic effect, development of male secondary sex characteristics
205
Estrogen hormones
Gland: Ovary
Target: Whole body
Action: Preparation for breeding and pregnancy
206
Progestins
Gland: Ovary
Target: Uterus
Action: Preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy
