A & P Lab Midterm Flashcards
Functions of Bones
-Provide support
-Provide protection
-Act as levers
-Storage sites
Arthr/o
joint
Articular
joint
Chondr/o
cartilage
Cost/o
rib
Os
bone
Oste/o
bone
Cancellous bone
light and spongy
Compact bone
Heavy and dense
Long bones
-Longer than they are wide
-Distal and proximal epiphysis
-Diaphysis
-Epiphyseal plates
-Mainly cancellous bony covered with a thin layer of compact bone
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Epiphyseal plates
Growth plates in long bones
Short bones
-Shaped like cubes
-Inner core of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
Flat bones
-Flat and thin
-Central layer of cancellous bone covered on both sides by thin layer of compact bone
Irregular bones
Oddly shaped bones that don’t fit into other categories
Articular surfaces
Smooth areas of compact bone that come into contact with smooth surfaces of another bone to form a joint
Condyle
large, round articular surface
Head
Spherical in shape and found at proximal end of a long bone
Facet
flat articular surface
Processes
lumps and bumps on bones
Fossa
a depressed, sunken area on the surface of a bone
-Usually occupied by muscles or tendons
Axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Spinal column
Ribs
Sternum
Bones of cranium
Frontal bones
Interparietal bones
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
Bones of the face
Incisive bones
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
Maxillary bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Foramen magnum
Large opening where the spinal cord exits the skull
Occipital condyles
On the occipital bone, forms a joint with the atlas
External acoustic meatus
Opening leads to middle and inner ear cavities
*in the temporal bone
Tympanic bullae
Egg shaped swellings on the ventral surface of the temporal bone that contain the middle ear structures
Cornual processes
Where the horn develops around in the front bone of horned animals
Which bones house the upper incisor teeth?
Incisive bones
What bones house the upper canine teeth and upper premolar and molar teeth
Maxillary bones
What bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
Which bones contain the maxillary sinuses?
Maxillary bones
What bones contain the lacrimal sacs?
Lacrimal bones
What forms the cheek bones?
Zygomatic bones
Mandible in dogs, cats, and cattle
Two bones united rostrally by the mandibular symphysis
Mandible in adult horses and swine
One solid bone
Shaft of mandible
The horizontal part that houses all lower teeth
Ramus of the mandible
The vertical part at the caudal end that forms the temporomandibular joint
Which bones play a role in the conditioning of inhaled air?
Turbinates
Hyoid bone
-Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx
Parts of a vertebrae
Ventral body, dorsal arch, and a group of processes
What are the five regions of the spinal column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
Cervical vertebrae
neck region
Thoracic vertebrae
chest region
Lumbar vertebrae
abdominal region
sacral vertebrae
pelvic region
coccygeal vertebrae
tail
Atlas
-First cervical vertebrae
-Forms the atlantooccipital joint
Axis
-Second cervical vertebrae
Costochondral junction
where the cartilaginous part of the rib meets the bony part of the rib
Sternebrae
bones that make up the sternum
Manubrium
first sternebra
Xiphoid process
Last sternebra
Thoracic limb
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
Pelvic limb
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Glenoid cavity
-Socket part of the shoulder joint
-On the scapula
What is the main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium?
Radius
Metacarpal bones of dogs and cats
Typically five number from medial (1) to lateral (5)
Metacarpal bones of ruminants
-A large metacarpal bone (cannon bone)
Metacarpal bones in Horses
-Single large metacarpal bone (metacarpal III)-commonly called the cannon bone
-Two small and incomplete metacarpal bones on either side (II and IV)- commonly called the splint bones
Forefoot phalanges of dogs and cat
-When present, Digit I is called the Dewclaw
-Distal phalanx contains the ungual process surrounded by the claw
Forefoot phalanges of Ruminants
-Four digits
-III and IV support weight
-II and V are non weight bearing declaws
Forefoot phalanges of horses
-Proximal phalanx (long pastern), middle phalanx (short pastern), and distal phalanx (coffin bone)
-Distal sesamoid commonly called the navicular bone
Pelvis
-Made up of fused Ilium, ischium, and pubis
-Two halves are joined by the pelvic symphysis
Acetabulum
-On lateral surface of pelvis and receives head of femur to form hip joint
Obturator foramina
Two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that serve to reduce the weight of the pelvis
Patella
-“Knee cap”
-Largest sesamoid in the body
What is the main weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
Tibia
Fibula in dog and cat vs horses and cattle
-Complete in dogs and cats
-Incomplete in horses and cattle
Calcaneal tuberosity
Part of the tarsal bones- calcaneus projects upwards and backwards to form the point of the hock
Hock
tarsus
Metatarsal bones of dogs and cats
Four numbered from medial (II) to lateral (V)
Metatarsal bones in ruminants
Large metatarsal (cannon bone) formed from two fused bones`
Metatarsal bones in horses
-Single large metatarsal bone (III)- Commonly called cannon bone
-Two small, incomplete metatarsals on either side (II and IV)- commonly called splint bones
Fibrous joints
-Synarthroses
-No movement
Cartilaginous joints
-Amphiarthroses
-Slight rocking movement
Synovial joints
-Diarthroses
-Free movement
Aponeurosis
Dense fibrous connective tissue organized into a thin sheet of tissue
Tendon
attaches muscle to bone
Muscle origin
attachment at the less movable end of the muscle
Muscle insertion
attachment at the more movable end of the muscle
Muscle action
the body movement that a contraction of the muscle will produce
