Module 2: Stroke Flashcards

Question

Ideomotor Apraxia, often IMA,

Answer 1

is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to correctly imitate hand gestures and voluntarily mime tool use, e.g. pretend to brush one's hair. The ability to spontaneously use tools, such as brushing one's hair in the morning without being instructed to do so, may remain intact, but is often lost.  

Answer 2

is a neurological disorder which explains the loss of ability to conceptualize, plan, and execute the complex sequence of motor actions involving the use of tools or objects in everyday life. (sometimes lumped with limb apraxia)

Answer 3

a condition in which an individual is unable to plan movement related to an object because he has lost the perception of the object's purpose. Characteristics of this disorder include a disturbance in the idea of sequential organization of voluntary actions. The patient appears to have lost the knowledge or thought of what an object represents

Answer 4

Associated brain areas: large anterior and posterior lesions Speech-language characteristics All language functions severely impaired Limited communication: combination of stereotypic utterances, facial expression, & gestures Attentive, task-oriented, socially appropriate Often have a recurring utterance (e.g. Bees, bees, bees)

Answer 5

Speech is effortful, nonfluent, consisting of short phrases or single words May vary from complete loss of speech to mild deficit characterized by word-finding difficulties Automated sequences usually preserved Comprehension relatively spared Result of lesion in posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus, the insula, and the frontal operculum

Answer 6

``` left frontal, suprasylvian, pre-Rolandic Speech-language characteristics Abnormal prosody Poor articulation Paraphasias Telegraphic speech (mostly nouns and verbs); may have few function words Relatively good comprehension Naming and repetition deficit ```

Answer 7

Speech is nonfluent Naming may be spared or mildly affected Repetition usually good, even “parrotlike” (echolalia) Reading aloud and writing impaired May have coexisting dysarthria, sensory and motor arcuate facillulus is spared disorders Result of damage to, variously Frontal region anterior or superior to Broca’s area Supplementary motor area Cingulate gyrus Possibly subcortical damage Associated brain area: anterior superior frontal lobe Speech-language characteristics Poor initiation & maintenance of speech output; more dysfluencies and effort than Broca’s Relatively good auditory comprehension

Answer 8

Wernicke Aphasia Anomic Aphasia Conduction Aphasia Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Answer 9

Verbal output is fluent, characterized by the presence of: phonemic and semantic paraphasias Neologisms Empty speech When severe, this may be called jargon aphasia Impaired comprehension, unaware of their disorder (anosognosia) Repetition, naming, read Asociated brain area-posterior third of superior temporal gyrus

Answer 10

Speech is fluent Speech may be meaningless or unintelligible Jargon Paraphasias Neologisms Comprehension of oral and written language, naming, reading, and writing are severely impaired Prominent characteristic is preserved repetition, may be echolalia Result of lesions posterior to perisylvian region, in parietal-occipital region

Answer 11

``` Posterior parieto-temporal lobe, sparing Wernicke’s area Speech-language characteristics: Severe naming deficits Poor auditory comprehension Word and Sentence repetition intact Echolalia ```

Answer 12

Speech is relatively fluent, but characterized by phonemic paraphasias and word-finding difficulties Repetition is compromised Patients often aware of paraphasias and may make multiple attempts at correction The more they correct, the worse they get Comprehension relatively spared Deficits in naming and writing Result of lesion in left temporal-parietal junction Possible more extensive lesion that may include: Insula Primary auditory cortex Supramarginal gyrus Associated brain area: arcuate fasciculus Speech-language characteristics: Grossly impaired repetition Phonemic paraphasias Relatively preserved language comprehension Aware of errors, often say “Why can’t I say that?”; Dysprosodic (pauses, hesitations, and word finding problems) bc all the attempt of self correction articulate ficiculate is damaged

Answer 13

Verbal output is fluent, but riddled with word-finding difficulties, frequent pauses, and circumlocutions Repetition, comprehension, and reading aloud are spared Hallmark sign is inability to name people or objects, despite awareness of their nature Result of small lesion affecting posterior language areas Angular gyrus (in parietal lobe, near the superior edge of temporal lobe) Middle temporal gyrus

Answer 14

``` so lesion site is not “tight” as confrontation naming can result from damage to several different areas of the brain Associated brain area: no clear localization Speech-language characteristics word retrieval difficulties spontaneous speech & naming tasks Naming severely impaired Nouns & Verbs Preserved auditory comprehension Preserved repetition ```

Answer 15

Severely impaired comprehension of spoken and written language Overly fluent speech Paraphasias are frequent—phonemic or semantic Neologisms Empty speech (e.g. thing; stuff) Circumlocution Impaired short-term retention & recall of verbal materials They have fine motor function Just need speech and language (not seen in a rehab hospital) Result of lesions of the posterior left perisylvian region Particularly posterior part of superior temporal region