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Cognitive Linguistic Disorders > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke

A

aka Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

Medical emergency

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2
Q

According to the American Stroke Association

A

3rd leading cause of death nationally
About 795,000 Americans each year suffer a new or recurrent stroke
A stroke occurs every 40 seconds
Stroke kills more than 143,000 people a year. That’s about 1 of every 17 deaths
On average,every 3 to 4minutes someone dies of stroke.
Americans will pay about $68.9 billion in 2009 for stroke-
related medical costs

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3
Q

U.S. Stroke Deaths 35+, 1991-8, by County

This map clearly shows the “Stroke Belt,”

A

an area in the Southeastern U.S. and Mississippi Valley with a high rate of stroke mortality.

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4
Q

Signs and Symptoms: Stroke

A 
Sudden, severe headache
Numbness- especially on one side
depends on where on the mother strip is affected 
Weakness- especially on one side
Trouble speaking or understanding
Logaria: Can’t stop talking 
Dizziness
Slurred Speech
Blurred Vision
Confusion
Trouble walking or loss of balance/coordination
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5
Q

Types of CVA

Ischemic

A

Interruption of the blood supply (not to all parts of the brain)
~85% of strokes
Cause: Fatty deposits lining the walls of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis)

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6
Q

Two major types of obstruction:

A

Thrombotic (blood clot)

Embolic (traveling blood clot)

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7
Q

Hemorrhagic

A 
Bleeding in the brain (common in young)
Higher fatality rate, typically younger people
~15% of strokes
Many times genetic component 
Two types:
Aneurysm
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
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8
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Mini Stroke
Similar symptoms to a “real” stroke
Most symptoms disappear within an hour, although they may persist for up to 24 hours
The more frequently TIAs occur, the higher the possibility of stroke

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9
Q

Dianosising a stroke

A 
Neurological exam
Motor function 
Muscle strength 
Cognitive function 
Vision (where in the field of vision lost)
Sensory function 
CT Scan and MRI
----Looking at the location of build up (hemoragetic) 
Arteriogram/Angiogram
Echocardiogram
Carotid Ultrasound
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10
Q

Treatment

A 
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
>>>>If someone can make it to the hospital within 3 hours, they will give the patient TPA to dislodge clot (unless hemoragic) 
Antiplatelet Therapy
Surgery or Endovascular Treatment
Rehabilitation hospital
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11
Q

Preventing a Stroke

A 
Don’t smoke
Know your blood pressure
Eat healthy-  low salt, low fat, low cholesterol
Find out if you have any cardiac issues
Exercise
Limit alcohol
Maintain a healthy weight
Control diabetes
Get regular check-ups
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12
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

An injury that disrupts the function of the brain
Range of severity
Can result in a range of impairment involving:
—Cognitive
—Physical
—Psychological

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13
Q

Causes: TBI

A

Falls (28%)
Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (20%)
Struck by/against (19%)
Assaults (11%)

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14
Q

TBI Stats

A

Of the 1.7 million who sustain a TBI each year in the United States:
50,000 die
235,000 are hospitalized
1.1 million are treated and released from an emergency department (Langolis, et al. 2006)
Number of people with TBI who do not go to the hospital is unknown

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15
Q

Type of TBI

Open

A

Skull is broken
Symptoms similar to a stoke
just one area

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16
Q

Closed

A

No skull damage
Injury spreads with swelling and bouncing
axons tear, and stetch

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17
Q

Concussion

A

Mild TBI

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18
Q

Lack of oxygen

A

Drowning, heart attack

19
Q

Other causes of TBI

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury
Penetrating Injury
Coup-Contrecoup Injury
Anoxic Brain Injury

20
Q

Signs of mild (determined at sight of injury) TBI (like concussion)

A

Headaches or neck pain
Trouble with such mental tasks as remembering, concentrating, or decision-making
Slow thinking, speaking, acting, or reading
Confusion
Decreased energy or motivation (frontal lobe)
Mood changes (feeling sad or angry for no reason)
Changes in sleep patterns
Dizziness, balance issues
Nausea
Increased sensitivity to lights, sounds, or distractions
Difficulty moving limbs or extremities
Blurred vision or ‘tired’ eyes
Tinnitus

21
Q

Moderate to severe TBI

A 
Coma GCS
Vegetative State/Persistent Vegetative State
Minimally Conscious State
Agitation, Aggression,
Impulsivity
Post-traumatic Amnesia, Confusion
ATTENTION
22
Q

Evaluating TBI

A 
Neurological Exam
Intracranial Pressure
Glasgow Coma Scale
   1 Eye Opening
   2 Best Verbal Response
   3 Best Motor Response
CT Scan
MRI
? Neurosurgical, ENT, Plastics involvement?
23
Q

TBI Treatment

A 
CPR?
Surgery or Endovascular Techniques
Prevent other complications (infections, bed sores, muscle contractions, hydrocephalus)
Medications
calming meds by slow brain recovery 
Rehabilitation
24
Q

TBI Prevention

A

Wear a seat belt
Wear a helmet
Try to avoid falls around the home (handrails, stepstools, wet spots, safety gates)
Don’t drive under the influence
Firearm safety
Absorbable material for children’s playgrounds

25
Q

Dementia

A

Loss of brain function
Degenerative, Progressive or Treatable
Usually first appears as forgetfulness

26
Q

Symptoms: dementia

A

language, memory, perception, emotional behavior or personality, and cognitive skills; incontinence, swallowing problems

27
Q

Degenerative Dementia

A

Typically occurs in people over age 60; risk increases as age increases

28
Q

Two major types: dementia

A

Alzheimer’s Disease
Vascular Dementia
—–Someone who has have multiple stokes
Also, chronic untreated high blood pressure

29
Q

Management Of Dementia
Evaluating:
Wide range of tests including:

A

CT Head, MRI, blood tests, toxicity tests, liver function tests, urinalysis, thyroid tests

30
Q

Aging

Two factors—longer life spans and aging baby boomers—

A

will combine to double the population of Americans aged 65 years or older during the next 25 years to about 72 million.
By 2030, older adults will account for roughly 20% of the U.S. population

31
Q

Main cause of death

A

1.Chronic diseases
Cancer, diabetes, heart disease
2.Degenerative illnesses
More than a quarter of all Americans and two out of every three older Americans have multiple chronic conditions, and treatment for this population accounts for 66% of the country’s health care budget.

32
Q

Changes with healthy age

Physical changes

A

Range of Motion
Strength
Reaction Time
Balance

33
Q

Neurological changes

A 
Decrease in grey matter
Decrease in white matter
Cerebral ventricles enlarge
------As brain think CSF fills in space
Changes in neurotransmitter
34
Q

Social changes

A

Circle of friends
How do different societies treat their elderly?
Impact on society, healthcare, politics, economy
What are society’s expectations of how people “should act” as they grow older?

35
Q

Cognitive changes

A 
Semantic memory less affected
----——Changing in 30s
Procedural memory stays about the same
-----brush teeth
Decreases noted in episodic memory and working memory-  decreased ability to encode new events or facts
36
Q

Chemical changes:

A

Decline in the synthesis of dopamine
Decrease in serotonin production
Decrease in glutamate

37
Q

Role of genetics in huge

A

if we will get the disease
if medicine for the disease will work
Two people may be of the same chronological age, but differ in their mental and physical capacities.

38
Q

Cognitive reserve

Influenced by

A

Biology
Genetics
Environment

39
Q

How can we slow the effects of aging

A

Stay intellectually engaged
Exercise
Decrease stress
Maintain a healthy diet

40
Q

Assessment and treatment

A

Identification of Complicating Conditions: know difference between (assessment)
Chronic medical condition
Visual/auditory deficits (sensitivity, agnosia)
Apraxia-plan/sequence motor activity
Dysarthria
Hemiparesis
Emotional/psychological disorders

41
Q

Analysis of Cognitive Abilities

A 
Attention
Memory
Visuospatial skills
Language
Executive Function
42
Q

Analysis of Language Production

A 
Semantics
Syntax
Discourse
Pragmatics
Gesture
43
Q

Analysis of Language Comprehension

A 
Semantics
Syntax
Discourse
Pragmatics
Gesture
44
Q

Quality of Life

A

Activity and participation in society

Cognitive Linguistic Disorders (7 decks)

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