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Bio Lab > Module 2 Lab 1 > Flashcards

Module 2 Lab 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proteins that act as biological catalyst

A

Enzyme

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2
Q

Speed up reaction; lower the amount of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

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3
Q

Amount of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

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4
Q

Reactant molecules

A

Substrate

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5
Q

Substrate molecules combined with specific enzymes

A

Enzyme- substrate complex

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6
Q

Formed as bonds are changed and released from the enzyme

A

Products

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7
Q

Specific location on an enzyme where the substrate molecule(s) binds is (are) changed

A

Active site

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8
Q

Loose three dimensional shape required for their function

A

Denatured

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9
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

They lower the amount of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction (activation energy)

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10
Q

Are enzymes used up during chemical reactions?

A

No enzyme is unaltered, it is capable of catalyzing the same reaction again and again

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11
Q

What happens to an enzymes activity below and above its optimum temperature?

A

Enzymes become denatured, they lose the three dimensional shape required for their function

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12
Q

Energy available to do work

A

Free energy

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13
Q

Organisms capture free energy from the environment through photosynthesis and use this energy to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophic

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14
Q

Organisms harvest free energy from the,organic molecules produced by autotrophs

A

Heterotrophic

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15
Q

The free energy stored in organic molecules is made available to the cell in the usable form of ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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16
Q

Powers cellular respiration

A

ATP

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17
Q

Plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria utilize the organic molecules they produced by photosynthesis for respiration

A

Photoautotroph

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18
Q

Animals, fungi, many protists and most prokaryotes obtain organic molecules to break down during respiration by consuming other organisms

A

Chemoautotrophs

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19
Q

Form of cellular respiration in which organic molecules such as glucose are broken down using an electron transport chain that requires oxygen; energy efficient form of cellular respiration in terms of amount of ATP produced

A

Aerobic respiration

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20
Q

Energy contained in bond of glucose is released

A

Catabolic

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21
Q

Carry electrons to protiens embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

NADH and FADH2

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22
Q

Proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Electron transport chain

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23
Q

Inner most fluid filled space

A

Matrix

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24
Q

Provides energy for the synthesis of ATP from ADP AND Pi

A

ATP synthase

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25
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Free energy stored in organic molecules is made available to the cell in the usable form of ATP, which powers cellular processes

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26
Q

Plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria

A

Photoautotrophs

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27
Q

Animals, fungi, many protists, most prokaryotes

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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28
Q

Do photoautotrophs undergo cellular respiration?

A

Yes

29
Q

Reactants for cellular respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen

30
Q

Products for cellular respiration

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP

31
Q

Products for cellular respiration

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP

32
Q

During aerobic respiration, what happens to most of the energy contained in the bonds of glucose starting molecules?

A

It is released in a series of catabolic (breaking down) reactions

33
Q

What stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP

A

Electron transport chain

34
Q

Aerobic respiration stage, glycolysis:

A

Formation of acetyl CoA

35
Q

Aerobic respiration, citric acid cycle:

A

Transfer electrons from glucose to the electron carrier molecules, NAD+ and FAD

36
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

As electrons are transported from one protein to the next, they go from higher to lower energy levels and are ultimately passed to oxygen, forming H2

37
Q

What is the function of ATP synthase, and what ‘powers’ it?

A

When H+ diffuse down their gradient, they pass through a proton channel, ATP synthase, providing energy for the synthesis of ATP and ADP and Pi

38
Q

Which process provides energy for proton pumping?

A

Free energy released electrons flowing down the energy gradient

39
Q

Process drivin by light energy, glucose molecules (or other sugars) are made from water and carbon dioxide, and oxygen is released as a byproduct

A

Anabolic

40
Q

Fixed carbon

A

Organic

41
Q

Carbon from carbon dioxide (inorganic carbon) is incorporated into organic molecules

A

Carbon fixation

42
Q

Found on the surface of leaves, and they allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaves, and oxygen to diffuse out

A

Stomata

43
Q

Disc like organelles called thylakoids arranged in stacks

A

Chloroplast

44
Q

Disc like organelles

A

Thylakoid

45
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophylls

46
Q

Fluid filled space around the thylakoids

A

Stroma

47
Q

Occurs across thylakoid membranes, capture light energy and store it temporarily in ATP and NADPH

A

Light- dependent reactions

48
Q

Reduced electron carrier molecule

A

NADPH

49
Q

Takes place in the stroma, does not directly require light; uses energy from ATP and NADPH from light- dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce three carbon sugars which join up to form glucose or other organic molecules; capable of storing energy long term

A

Calvin cycle

50
Q

During photosynthesis, energy is converted between two forms?

A

Light energy to chemical energy

51
Q

Reactants of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water

52
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

Glucose and oxygen

53
Q

Organic molecules made during photosynthesis

A

Free energy( cellular respiration: produced ATP) and fixed (organic) carbon

54
Q

Where does photosynthesis mostly occur in plants?

A

Chloroplast

55
Q

Where do light- dependent reactions occur? And what are their main products?

A

Across thylakoid membranes;ATP &NADPH

56
Q

Which molecule is the ultimate source of electrons for the electron transport chain of photosynthesis?

A

Water

57
Q

Photons of light energize electrons that are part of which molecules during the light- dependent reactions?

A

Pigment molecules, chlorophyll

58
Q

Steps required for ATP synthesis during light dependent reactions

A

1) electrons flowing down their energy gradient
2) protons being pumped across thylakoid
3) protons diffusing back across thylakoid membranes through ATP synthase

59
Q

Where does Calvin cycle occur? And what is its main product?

A

Tales place in the stroma; three carbon sugars

60
Q

Which molecules provide energy for the Calvin cycle?

A

Energy from ATP and NADPH from light- dependent reactions

61
Q

Redox reactions

A

reactions involving electron transfers

62
Q

Glucose and other organic molecules are broken down, the catabolic process, requires oxygen. Releasing chemical energy(ATP) and heat. Carbon dioxide and water is released by byproducts

A

Aerobic respiration

63
Q

Light energy is converted to chemical energy, anabolic process, converts carbon dioxide into glucose. Oxygen is released as a byproduct

A

Photosynthesis

64
Q

In aerobic respiration, what is the ultimate source of electrons, and where do they end up?

A

Electrons are transferred from glucose to oxygen

65
Q

In photosynthesis, what is the ultimate source of electrons, and where do they end up?

A

Electrons are transferred from water ending up in NADPH

66
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain in both processes?

A

Extreme transport chain to make a proton concentration gradient across a membrane

67
Q

What is the same about the way both processes produce ATP?

A

Electron transport chain drives ATP synthesis by the flow of protons down their concentration gradient through the enzyme ATP synthase

68
Q

What is the role of photoautotrophs in the carbon cycle?

A

Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporating it into organic molecules

69
Q

What is the role of chemoheterotrophs in the carbon cycle?

A

Consumer photoautotrophs either directly ( herbivores) or indirectly ( carnivores, decomposes) to obtain organic molecules

Bio Lab (10 decks)

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