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BIO 107 - Cell and Mol. Bio > Module 2 : Internal Organization of the Cell Membrane Structure > Flashcards

Module 2 : Internal Organization of the Cell Membrane Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

provides the basic structure for all cell membranes

A

The Lipid Bilayer

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3
Q

50% of the mass of the most animal cell membranes

A

Lipids

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4
Q

most abundant membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Parts of Lipids

A

Head : Phosphate group, hydrophilic
Tail : 2 hydrocarbon tail, hydrophobic

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6
Q

The bonds that create links in the tail

A

cis-double bonds (unsaturated)

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7
Q

Major Classes of Lipids in Cell membranes

A
  • Phosphoglycerides
  • Glycolipids
  • Cholesterol
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8
Q

main phospholipids

A

Phosphoglycerides

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9
Q

Two subclasses of phospholipids

A
  • gylcerophospholipids
  • sphingolipids
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10
Q

from sphingosine (long acyl chain with an amino group (NH2) & two hydroxyl groups (OH)

A

Sphingolipids

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11
Q

most common sphingolipid

A

spingomyelin

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12
Q

a fatty acid tail is attached to the amino group, and a phosphocholine group is attached to the terminal hydroxyl group

A

Sphingomyelin

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13
Q

resemble sphingolipids;
sugars

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

sterol; contains a rigid ring structure, to which attached a single polar hydroxyl group and a short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Major Phospholipids in Mammalian cells

A

phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine

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16
Q

tails inward

A

Spherical micelles

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17
Q

hydrophobic tails sandwiched

A

Bilayers

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18
Q

What does unpaired electron spin create?

A

Paramagnetic signal

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19
Q

can be detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum

A

Paramagnetic signal

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20
Q

phospholipid molecules in synthetic bilayers very rarely migrate from the monolayer on one side to that on the other

A

Flip-flop

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21
Q

lipid molecules rapidly exchange places with their neighbors within a monolayer

A

Rapid lateral diffusion

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22
Q

the lipid component of a biological membrane is a ___ ____

A

two-dimensional liquid

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23
Q

catalyzes the rapid flip
flop of phospholipids from one
monolayer to the other

A

Phospholipid translocators (flippases)

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24
Q

a change from a liquid state to a two dimensional rigid crystalline state at a characteristic temperature

A

Phase transition

25
Q

How does cholesterol modulates the properties of lipid bilayers

A
  • Enhances the permeability-barrier properties
  • Decretase motility of the few CH2 groups
  • Prevents the hydrocarbon chains from coming together and crystallizing
26
Q

Has 20–25-carbon long prenyl chains

A

Archea

27
Q

specialized membrane microdomains that serve as to organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules

A

Lipid rafts

28
Q

in which specific lipids come together in separate domains

A

Phase segregation

29
Q

storage of lipids

A

Lipid droplets

30
Q
  • specialized for lipid storage
  • contain a giant liquid droplet
A

Fat cells or adipocytes

31
Q

neutral lipids; exclusively hydrophobic molecules, and therefore aggregate into 3 dimensional droplets

A

triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters

32
Q

contains a large variety of proteins

A

Single monolayer of phospholipids

33
Q

by definition, the two monolayers have different composition

A

Lipid asymmetry

34
Q

Mainly found in the outer layer of RBC

A

phosphotidylcholine and sphingomyelin

35
Q

translocate from the inner monolayer to the outer monolayer when cells undergo apoptosis

A

Phosphotidylserine

35
Q

Mainly found in the outer layer of RBC

A
36
Q

are used in yet another way to convert extracellular signals into intracellular ones

A

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane

37
Q

cleaves an inositol phospholipid in the cytosolic monolayer of the plasma membrane to generate to fragments

A

Phospholipase C

38
Q
  • sugar-containing molecules
  • most extreme asymmetry in their membrane distribution
A

Glycolipids

39
Q

results from the addition of sugar groups to the lipid molecules in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus

A

Asymmetric distribution of glycolipids in the bilayer

40
Q
  • exposed apical surface;
  • may help to protect the membrane against the harsh conditions
A

Epithelial cells

41
Q

charged glycolipids; important because of their electric effects

A

Gangliosides

42
Q

Functions of glycolipids

A
  • Come from their localization
  • Provide entry points for certain bacterial toxins and viruses
  • Cell-to-cell recognition
43
Q

Types of integral proteins

A
  • polytopic
  • bitopic
  • monotopic
44
Q

extends through the lipid bilayer

A

Transmembrane proteins

45
Q

do not extend into the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; bound to either face of the membrane by noncovalent interactions

A

Peripheral proteins

46
Q

control the Membrane Localization of Some Signaling Proteins

A

Lipid anchors

47
Q

– small amphiphilic molecules; more soluble in water than lipids

A

Detergents

48
Q

Three commonly used detergents to disrupt lipid bilayer

A
  • Sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • Triton X-100
  • β-octylglucoside
49
Q

Detergent that is anionic

A

SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate)

50
Q

Two nonionic detergents

A
  • Triton X-100 and β-octylglucoside
51
Q

– surfactant concentration at which micelle formation is first seen in the solution

A

critical micelle concentration

52
Q

small, uniformly sized patches of membrane that are surrounded by a belt of protein,

which covers the exposed edge of the bilayer to keep the patch in solution

A

Nanodiscs

53
Q

Movements of membrane proteins

A
  • Flip-flop
  • Lateral diffusion
  • Rotation
54
Q

measures lateral diffusion rates of membrane proteins

A

FRAP (Flourescence recovery after photobleaching)

55
Q

labeling individual membrane molecules and track their movement by video microscopy

A

Single-particle tracking

56
Q

Gives Membranes Mechanical Strength and Restricts Membrane Protein Diffusion

A

Cortical cytoskeleton

57
Q

long, thin, flexible rod;

it maintains the structural integrity and shape of the plasma membrane

A

Spectrin

BIO 107 - Cell and Mol. Bio (5 decks)

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