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BIO 107 - Cell and Mol. Bio > IA - Cell and Genomes > Flashcards

IA - Cell and Genomes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells

A

Cell biology

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2
Q

distinguishes life from other processes, in which orderly structures are generated but without the same type of link between the peculiarities of parents and the peculiarities of offspring

A

Heredity

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3
Q

The linear chemical code that store hereditary information

A

DNA

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4
Q

where do all cells store hereditary information

A

DNA

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5
Q

Description of DNA

A
  • Long, unbranched paired polymer chains, formed of same four types of monomers
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6
Q

All Cells Replicate Their Hereditary Information by …?

A

Templated polymerization

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7
Q

nucleotide, consists of two parts: a sugar (deoxyribose) with a phosphate group
attached to it, and a base

A

Monomers

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8
Q

two parts of monomers

A
  • Sugar with phosphate group
  • Base
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9
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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10
Q

RNA to Protein

A

Translation

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11
Q

The intermediary form of all cells

A

RNA

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12
Q

molecules that guide the synthesis of proteins according to the genetics instructions stored in the DNA

A

mRNA

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13
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

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14
Q

How many types of amino acids?

A

20 types

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15
Q

carry information in the form of a linear sequence of symbols

A

proteins

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16
Q

Protein molecules are created by

A

joining its amino acid in a particular sequence

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17
Q

a segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein or set of alternative protein variants or to a single catalytic regulatory, or structural RNA molecule

A

gene

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18
Q

regulates the expression of genes, which are interpersed among the segments that code for proteins

A

Regulatory DNA

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19
Q

each cell is enclosed by….
- acts as selective barrier

A

plasma membrane

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20
Q

consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic parts,
creating a bilayer

A

Amphiphilic

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21
Q

largely determine which molecules enter the cell

A

membrane transport proteins

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22
Q

the number of genes for a viable cell

A

not less than 300

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23
Q

530 genes, about 400 of which are essential

A

Mycoplasma genitalium (italicize)

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24
Q

DNA sequence of any given organism can be readily obtained by

A

standard biochemical techniques

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25
Q

feeding on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce

A

organotrophic

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26
Q

feeding on sunlight

A

phototrophic

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27
Q

feeding on rock

A

lithotrophic

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28
Q

Elements composed by DNA, RNA, and proteins

A

-H, C, N, S, P

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29
Q

live mostly as independent individuals or in loosely organized communities, rather than as multicellular organisms

A

Prokaryotes

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30
Q

Prokaryotic cells live in an enormous variety of

A

Ecological niches

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31
Q

Primary branches of Tree of life

A
  • Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryotes
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32
Q

Two groups that belongs to prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria and archea
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33
Q

have recently revealed that the first eukaryotic cell formed after a particular type of ancient archaeal cell engulfed an ancient bacterium

A

Detailed genome analyses

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34
Q

may represent a change for the better or cause serious damage

A

Alterations of nucleotide sequence

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35
Q

example of alterations of nucleotide sequence

A

Mutations (changes in DNA sequence)

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36
Q

evolution of organisms

A

mutations and natural selection

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37
Q

How many genes does most bacteria and Archaea have?

A

1000-6000 genes

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38
Q

cells that can reproduce the fastest

A

prokaryotic cells

39
Q

what does most prokaryotic cells carry?

A

Very little superfluous baggage

40
Q

Four modes of genetic innovation

A
  1. Intragenic mutation
  2. Gene Duplication
  3. DNA segment shuffling
  4. Horizontal gene transfer
41
Q

an existing cell can be randomly modified by changes in its dna sequence

A

Intragenic mutation

42
Q

an existing cell can be randomly modified by changes in its dna sequence

A

Intragenic mutation

43
Q

existing gene can be accidentally duplicated as to create a pair of initially identical gene within a single cell

A

Gene Duplication

44
Q

two or more existing gene and break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of dna segment that originally belong to separate gene

A

DNA segment shuffling

45
Q
  • usually done by prokaryotes
  • a piece of dna can be transferred from one genome of one cell to that of another
A

Horizontal gene transfer

46
Q

give rise to families of related genes within a single cell

A

Gene Duplications

47
Q

genes that are related by descent

A

orthologs

48
Q

related genes that resulted from a gene duplication event

A

paralogs

49
Q

infects bacterial cells and can transfer genome to bacteria

A

bacteriophage

50
Q

the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring

A

Vertical gene transfer

51
Q

two complementary approaches in the analysis of gene functions

A
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry
52
Q

study of mutant

A

Genetics

53
Q

function of molecules

A

biochemistry

54
Q

molecular biology begin with a spotlight on what organism
- small, rod shaped bacteria

A

E. coli (Escherichia coli)

55
Q

Adaptation and evolution of E. coli

A
  • Adapts to variable chemical conditions and reproducers rapidly
  • Evolve by mutation and selection at remarkable speed
56
Q

Genetic Information of Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cells
- may have originated as predators
- originated as predators
- modern eukaryotic cells evolve from symbiosis
- Eukaryotic genomes are bug
- Live as solitary cell

57
Q

are bigger and more elaborate than prokaryotic cells, and their genomes are bigger and more elaborate, too.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

58
Q

where do eukaryotic cells keep their DNA?

A

In the nucleus

59
Q

by definition, act as a barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear envelope

60
Q

Importance of cytoskeleton

A

important for cell division

61
Q

life of a primordial cell that was a predator

A

living by capturing other cells and eating them

62
Q

What is the term used to describe the way of life of a primordial cell that survived by capturing and consuming other cells?

A

Predatory lifestyle.

63
Q

How did primordial predatory cells obtain nutrients?

A

By capturing and eating other cells.

64
Q

Organelle that was considered as different identity as they have their own genome

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

65
Q

What organism did Mitochondria originated

A

Free-living oxygen-metabolizing (aerobic) bacteria

66
Q

originated as symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

67
Q

provides energy to eukaryotic cells

A

chloroplast

68
Q

percentage of human genome that do not code for proteins

A

~98.5%

69
Q

percentage that E. coli genome do not for proteins

A

11%

70
Q

can also be a regulatory DNA

A

Introns

71
Q

act
by binding, directly or indirectly, to the regulatory
DNA adjacent to the genes
that are to be controlled, or by interfering with the
abilities of other proteins to do so

A

Transcription regulators

72
Q

Serves as a minimal model for eukaryotes

A

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- reproduce vegetatively

73
Q

has been chosen out of 300,000 plant species as a model plant

A

Arabidopsis

74
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana (italicized)
- can be grown indoors

A

Thale creds

75
Q

genome size of Arabidopsis thaliana

A

approx. 220 million nucleotide pairs

76
Q

why was arabidopsis a model plant?

A
  • possesses a relatively small, genetically tractable genome
  • manipulated through genetic engineering more easily and rapidly than any other plant genome
77
Q

organisms that represent the world of animal cells

A

-Worm
-Fly
-Fish
-Mouse
-Human

78
Q

Which nematode worm species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans (italicized)

79
Q

Which nematode worm species is a model organism in genetic research?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans (italicized)

80
Q

Which fly species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies?

A

Drosophila melanogaster (italicized)

81
Q

Which zebrafish species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies?

A

Danio rerio (italicized)

82
Q

Which zebrafish species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies?

A

Danio rerio (italicized)

83
Q

Which mouse species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies?

A

Mus musculus (italicized)

84
Q

Which human species is a model organism in molecular genetic studies? (Halata na to)

A

Homo sapiens (italicized)

85
Q

What does Drosophila provide?

A

key to vertebrate development
- definitive proof that genes are carried on chromosomes

86
Q

is a product of repeated duplications

A

Vertebrate genome

87
Q

Commonly used in studying embryonic development

A

frogs

88
Q

why is the frog used to for embryonic development?

A

Eggs are large, easy to manipulate, and fertilized outside of the animal

89
Q

Provide accessible models for vertebrate development

A
  • Frogs
  • Zebrafish
90
Q

the predominant mammalian model organism

A

Mouse

91
Q

% amino acid identical between human and elephant

A

85%

92
Q

% amino acid similarity between human and bird

A

70%

93
Q

why mouse as model organism?

A

-many naturally occurring mutations are known
-have same biological features as human

BIO 107 - Cell and Mol. Bio (2 decks)

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