Module 2 iClicker Questions Flashcards
How does the density of molecules within the medium (e.g., air or water) influence sound?
Higher density mediums will allow the sound waves to travel faster through them
Yes or No: Is there sound inside a vaccum (i.e. place with no molecules)?
No
You want your head-banging music to be heard as far away from the source as possible. Where should you play your music?
Underwater
Underwater things travel faster and farther because the distance of molecules (basically touching)
-earth, then moon in distance
Amplitude/Intensity is associated with the perceptual quality of _, while frequency is associated with the perceptual quality of _.
Loudness
Pitch
Speech is an example of a __. (_ sound)
Complex sound
How do ear trumpets aid in the ability to hear sounds?
It funnels more sound to the ear
What order is the structure of the Outer ear? (3)
Pinna
Ear Canal
Tympanic membrane
Name the ossicles in the correct order (3)
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
(MIS)
What is the primary role of the ossicles?
Amplify sound vibrations
What is the function of the round window?
Relieves pressure in the cochlea
What is the name of the structure that will eventually translate sound pressure movement into a neural signal?
Organ of Corti
What is the function of the three canals on the top of the cochlea (gray portion)?
Part of the vestibular system
Why aren’t sound waves transmitted directly to the oval window? (i.e. why have the tympanic membrane and ossicles)
Signal needs to be amplified
If you took a tiny pair of scissors and cut all the tip links in your cochlea, what would happen?
You would be deaf
Why does calcium enter the hair cell in response to vibrational movement?
The rapid depolarization of the hair cell opens voltage gated calcium channels
Which of the following is directly responsible for deflecting hair cells
Movement of the tectorial/basilar membrane
The gelatinous flap on the top of the organ of Corti is called:
Tectorial Membrane
The shearing of the hair cells pulls on tip-links allowing which ion to enter the cell?
Potassium (K+)
Louder sounds (regardless of frequency) will…
Cause the basilar/tectorial membrane to move to a greater degree, increasing the shearing force on the hair cells
True or False: Auditory nerve fibers selectively respond to different frequencies?
True
Why is rate saturation a problem for the auditory system?
A single auditory nerve can’t reliably measure frequency
(b/c connected to a specific part in the cochlea)
-also makes the inner hair cells less sharply tuned
Rods in the retina are specialized for low intensities of light. Which types of auditory nerve fiber has a similar function?
High-spontaneous fibers
Efferent nerve fibers carries information _?
away from the CNS
What is the function of the outer hair cells?
Makes the inner hair cells more sharply tuned
How do neurons encode higher frequencies?
Multiple nerve fibers are used
Regardless of the mechanism, where in the brain is sound localization using interaural time differences primarily occurring?
Medial Superior Olive
What is the latest theory for how the brain localizes sound?
Compares the differences in frequency (ie activation location in the cochlea) to measure time differences
Humans are better at localizing sound using intensity at high frequencies. Why?
Head blocks higher frequencies
Which of these frequencies would be the most difficult for you to localize?
100 Hz
500 Hz
1,000 Hz
5,000 Hz
100 Hz
Where in the brain is intramural level differences (intensity) primarily processed?
Lateral Superior Olive
Yes or No: Is intramural level difference and intramural time difference sufficient to localize all sounds?
No
What is the nerve that carries auditory information to the brain?
VIII- Vestibocochlear
What is the brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse?
Cochlear Nucleus
(the vestibularcochlear nerve)
Which brain region plays a specialized role in sound localization?
Superior Olive
Which brain region is part of the thalamus and plays an important role in sensory feedback?
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
In which of the following brain regions is a neuron that responds to both light and sound most likely to be found?
Parabelt Area
Which of the following regions is tonotopically organized?
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Superior Olive
Cochlear nucleus
Primary Auditory Cortex
All of them
Auditory nerve fibers that project to the cochlear nucleus originate in the …
Cochlea
Higher frequency sounds will stimulate…
the cochlea near the oval window
Adding earplugs to your ears reduces your ability to detect sounds. What kind of hearing loss is this?
Conductive hearing loss
Otosclerosis is a medical conditions characterized by hearing loss due to abnormal growth of the middle ear bones. What kind of hearing loss is this?
Conductive hearing loss
-part of the middle ear bones, conduct vibrations
-not the sensory cell or anything neural, it is a bone (not part of the nervous system)
You love loud music. You have suffered hearing loss due to the hair cells being damaged. What kind of hearing loss is this?
Sensorineural hearing loss
-hair cells (sensory cells)
Your professor is always harassing you about labeling your axes. Today you are going to create a figure depicting your own audiogram. On the X axis is frequency and the y axis is the lowest intensity of sound you can hear. What are the units on the y axis?
Decibels (dB)
What is the function of the round window in your auditory system?
Relieves pressure in the cochlea
Which of the following principles are helpful in explaining the auditory system encodes frequency information?
Rate Saturation
Cochlear Place code
Phase Locking
Volley Principle
All of the above
All of the above
Your friend has a tumor in an auditory brain region. He can hear the sound but is unable to localize it. Which brain region would be a great place to look first?
Superior Olive
What is the current theory for how the brain localizes sound using interaural TIME differences?
Your brain compares the differences in activation location in the cochlea
Your friend put a pencil in their ear, bursting their ear drum. Now he/she can’t hear anything.What kind of hearing loss is your friend suffering from?
Conductive hearing loss
All the auditory nerve fibers join the vestibular nerve fibers to form…
Vestibulocochlear nerve
What are the Ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of the ear canal?
Amplifies certain frequencies
This brain region is part of the Thalamus and plays a role in auditory attention?
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
This brain region plays an important role in frequency recognition and pitch discrimination?
Inferior Colliculus
This ion is responsible for depolarizing hair cells…
K+
(Potassium)
According to the cochlear place code, high frequency sounds will stimulate the organ of Corti near the …
Oval window
Your friend has a tumor on their vestibulocochlear nerve. Now he/she can’t hear anything. What kind of hearing loss is your friend suffering from?
Sensorineural hearing loss
This structure only function is to help localize and funnel sound?
Pinna
Which of the following structures help protect the tympanic membrane?
Ear canal
What is the function of the Oval window?
Convert movement of the ossicles to fluid movement within the cochlea
What does tonotopic mean?
Organized according to sound frequencies
I want to use optogenetics to stimulate hair cells. Which of the following should I express in these cells?
Light gated potassium channel
-because it is optogenetics (need light)
