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Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 > Module 1 iClicker Questions > Flashcards

Module 1 iClicker Questions Flashcards

1
Q

If you were to tell me that the apple in this picture is red. This would be an example of…

A

Both Sensation and Perception
-Sensation: seeing it is red
-Perception: perceive that it is red to say it is

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2
Q

Your new lawnmower has different settings and you want to test it out. You try each setting (starting at the one for the longest grass) and check whether you can NOTICE whether the grass was cut. This is an example of your _ for detecting grass length.

A

Relative Threshold

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3
Q

You are trying to incorporate signal detection theory into your view of life. A new restuarant is opening. You go to the restaurant and it is amazing. This would be considered a…

A

Hit

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4
Q

In an alterative universe..Your friends decide to go to the new restaurant but you decide you would rather stay home. They all get food poisoning. This would be considered a…

A

Correct rejection
-correctly avoiding the bad experience

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5
Q

Your electrical engineer roomate has setup a bunch of speakers that are capable of delivering different intensities of sounds. She randomly plays one and asks you if you can hear it. Which threshold method is she using?

A

Method of constant stimuli
-key word is randomly

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6
Q

Your eye doctor wants to check your eyes, so he pulls out the trusty eye chart asking you to read each line from largest to smallest. As you read the letters, you think about sensation and perception and how this is an example of..

A

Method of limits

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7
Q

Which ion plays a critical role in vesicle fusion and the neurotransmitters being ‘dumped’ into the synaptic cleft?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

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8
Q

Which ion repolarizes the neuron after an action potential?

A

Potassium (K+)

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9
Q

What ‘event’ causes the potassium channels to open, repolarizing the neuron?

A

change in membrane voltage

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10
Q

What would happen if you blocked voltage-gated calcium channels?

A

Neurotransmitters would not be released into the synaptic cleft

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11
Q

Which of the following brain regions synapse with a large portion of the cranial nerves?

A

Hindbrain

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12
Q

Which of the following brain regions is critical for eye movements, as well as visual and auditory processing.

A

Midbrain

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13
Q

Which of the following brain regions plays an important role in perception, as well as thought, voluntary movement, language, and reasoning.

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

If I wanted to visualize a completely intact neural circuit, which method should I avoid?

A

Histology (cutting it into pieces)

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15
Q

Cholera Toxin B (CTB) is used to trace neural circuits. It travels in the opposite direction of the action potential. What is that called?

A

Retrograde

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16
Q

This method genetically labels individual neurons by having each randomly express a combination of fluorescent reporters

A

Tract Tracing

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17
Q

This method is characterized by the destruction of neural tissue

A

Lesions

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18
Q

I want to visualize individual neurons while recording neural activity. What method would you suggest?

A

In Vivo Imaging

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19
Q

I want to precisely manipulate neural activity with a high degree of temporal precision. What method would you suggest?

A

Electrophysiology

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20
Q

I want to ‘silence’ (i.e. stop all neural activity) in a brain region for 1-2 hours. Which method would you suggest?

A

DREADDs

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21
Q

Which method requires you to know the approximate thresholds before starting the test?

A

Method of Constant Stimuli

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22
Q

Which of the following statements about chemical synapses is correct?

A

All
Slower than electrical synapses
There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the brain
Chemical synapses allow for a graded input
Chemical synapses allow for flexibility

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23
Q

Neurons communicate at junctions called _?

A

Synapses

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24
Q

This method allows you to precisely determine all of the connections of a single neuron

A

Tract tracing

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25
Q

Identifying which square among a rows of squares is a different color, is an example of thesholding or scaling?

A

Thresholding

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26
Q

An eye test asking “What number do you see?” is an example of thresholding or scaling?

A

Thresholding

27
Q

A researcher is testing your olfactory ability. She instructs you to push the button every time you smell coffee. If you push the button even though this is not coffee, this would be an example of _.

A

False Alarm

28
Q

A researcher is testing your olfactory ability. She instructs you to push the button every time you smell coffee. This time you notice that it smells like perfume so you don’t push the button, this would be an example of a _.

A

Correct Rejection

29
Q

A rearcher is testing your olfactory ability. She instructs you to push the button every time you smell coffee. What would be a example of a hit?

A

The stimulus is coffee and push the button

30
Q

Which method would you use to get the quickest threshold if reliability isn’t a big issue?

A

Method of adjustment

31
Q

Which method would you use to get the most complete and accurate description of sensitivity?

A

Method of Limits

32
Q

If your doctor ignored a fuzzy white region and it wasn’t cancerous. This would be an example of a _.

A

Correct rejection
-Doctor tells you it is not cancer and it is not cancer

33
Q

If your doctor wanted to biopsy the fuzzy white region and it wasn’t cancerous. This would be an example of a _.

A

False Alarm
-Doctor tells you it is cancer and it is not cancer

34
Q

If your doctor ignored the fuzzy white region and it was cancerous. This would be an example of a _.

A

Miss
-It is cancer and the doctor tells you it is not cancer

35
Q

In which of the following situations would scaling be most beneficial?

-Describing your level of pain
-Quantifying the minimum sound you can hear
-Determining the temperature necessary to melt chocolate
-Quantifying your level of ‘color-blindness’

A

Describing your level of pain

36
Q

Your roomate has the TV volume at zero. Each time he/she increases it, they ask you “can you hear it?” What is your roomate trying to measure?

A

Absolute threshold

37
Q

Your roomate made dessert and wants to know if it is too sweet. They ask you to give the dessert a sweetness number where 0 is no sweetness and 10 is pure sugar. This is an example of _.

A

Magnitude Estimation

38
Q

Your roomate keeps messing with the brightness of the lights in your room. After each adjustment he/she asks you if you think the room looks any brighter. You notice that he/she seem to be running an experiment on you. What is being measured?

A

Relative threshold

39
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

the cell body; contains nucleus and other organelles

40
Q

What is the name of the electrochemical signal that neurons use to transmit information?

A

Action potential

41
Q

When the neuron is at resting potential is there more sodium (Na+) inside the cell or outside the cell?

A

Outside

42
Q

A hyperpolarized neuron has a resting potential that is:

A

Below -70mV (i.e. -75mv)

43
Q

A hyperpolarized neuron needs _ activation to trigger an action potential.

A

more

44
Q

During an action potential, which channel is primarily responsible for the depolarization?

A

Sodium channel

45
Q

During an action potential, which channel is primarily responsible for the repolarization?

A

Potassium channel

46
Q

Tetrodotoxin (derived from pufferfish) blocks sodium channels. What would happen to your nervous system if you ate some bad fugu (pufferfish sushi)?

A

Neurons would stop firing action potentials

47
Q

What are the chemicals that act as a neurotransmitter?

A

-Acetylcholine
-Dopamine
-GABA
-Glutamate

48
Q

What would happen if you blocked voltage-gated calcium channels?

A

Neurotransmitters would not be released into the synaptic cleft

49
Q

If I look around the classroom, which cranial nerves am I using?

A

-Optic nerve
-Oculomotor nerve
-Trochlear nerve
-Abducens nerve

50
Q

Most of the cranial nerves synapse in this portion of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

51
Q

Which area of the brain is an important relay for sensory and motor information?

A

Thalamus

52
Q

An action potential moves down the axon in a(n) _ fashion.

A

Anterograde

53
Q

I want to know which brain regions send their axons to the hippocampus. Which neuronal tracer should I use?

A

Retrograde tracer

54
Q

What are the drawbacks for clearing and imaging the brain?

A

-High cost and long time
-Potential degradation of fluorescence
-Bleaching during imaging
-Shrinkage/swelling of the tissue

55
Q

What methods can be used to trace the projections of a neuron?

A

-Injecting a fluorescent dye into a neuron
-Modifying the genome of an animal to cause specific neurons to express a fluorescent reporter
-Infecting a neuron with a virus, causing it to express a fluorescent reporter

56
Q

If your subject can’t hold completely still, which functional imaging method would you use? (Hint: the method with the largest signal to noise ratio)

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

57
Q

What are some drawbacks of using lesions to study the brain?

A

-Can be difficult to precisely remove an entire portion of the brain
-Non-reversable
-Invasive surgical procedure
-May damage other portion of the brain as well

58
Q

Have we ever learned about how the brain works by lesioning a human’s brain?

A

Yes

59
Q

A halorhodopsin-expressing neuron exposed to light will be _.

A

Hyperpolarized
(=more negative than before)

60
Q

Which method gives you the greatest temporal control over the neural activity?

A

Optogenetics

61
Q

Why is measuring calcium influx useful as a proxy for neural activity?

A

Calcium enters the neuron during an action potential

62
Q

Which method will allow you to measure neural activity with the greatest temporal precision?

A

Electrophysiology

63
Q

If you wanted to know the function of a human brain region, which of the following methods will not be useful?
a) Electrophysiology
b) Optogenetics
c) Functional Imaging
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above

A

Optogenetics

Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 (10 decks)

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