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Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 > iClicker Module 5 & 6 > Flashcards

iClicker Module 5 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between taste and flavor?

A

Flavor involves both the gustatory and olfactory system

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2
Q

What structure actually transducer tastants (e.g. salt) into a neural signal?

A

Taste receptor

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3
Q

Which type of papillae has no taste function?

A

Filiform papillae

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4
Q

Which type of papillae is located on the side of the tongue?

A

Foliate papillae

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5
Q

The density of these papillae differ in super tasters?

A

Fungiform papillae

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6
Q

What is really unusual about type I and type II taste bud cells (as compared to other sensory neurons)?

A

Lack synapses

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7
Q

Which type of taste bud cells does synapse with gustatory afferents?

A

Type III cells

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8
Q

Which type of taste bud cells detect salts?

A

Type I cells

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9
Q

Which taste bud cells detect Unami?

A

Type II cells

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10
Q

Which of the following is a function of taste receptors?

A

Helps remove harmful chemicals from the airways
Slows the absorption of potential toxins in the stomach
Detect salt or sour tastants
Contribute to flavor

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11
Q

Potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute but too much of it can cause a bitter metallic taste. Which ion is responsible for the salty taste?

A

K+ (Potassium)

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12
Q

Have you ever gone to a restaurant and thought the food was too salty, while another people seem to be eating it happily? What is the reason?

A

Your sensitivity to salty food can change depending on your diet

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13
Q

Which one of the following solutions would taste the sourest?
Solution A (pH 2)
Solution B (pH 4)
Solution C (pH 6)
SOlution D
Solution E

A

Solution A

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14
Q

How does the acidity of the solution relate to its perceived sourness?

A

More H+ ions will enter the tastebud cell when exposed to stronger acid

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15
Q

Why is it important top detect bitter compounds?

A

Bitter taste can signal the ingestion of poisons

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16
Q

How does taste bud cell sense bitter compounds?

A

Bitter compounds bind to a receptor, triggering a secondary message cascade increasing calcium

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17
Q

Why do we love the taste of High Fructose Corn Syrup in our foods?

A

Fructose is sweeter than glucose

18
Q

How does a taste bud cell sense sweet compounds?

A

Glucose bind to a receptor, triggering a secondary messenger cascade increasing calcium

19
Q

I love Chinese food. Should be especially worried about my intake of MSG?

A

No, not really

20
Q

How does a taste bud cell sense MSG?

A

MSG bind to a receptor, triggering a secondary messenger cascade increasing calcium

21
Q

How does a taste bud cell sense spicy food?

A

Taste bud cells don’t sense spicy foods
(part of nociceptors)

22
Q

What to do if you eat something super spicy?

A

-Wait for the burning to stop (when your tongue becomes desensitized and the rest of it will be easier to eat)
-Drink milk/ eat chocolate (the fat helps break down the bounds between the capsaicin and the receptor)
-Sugar (granulated sugar and honey will reduce the heat; the sugar absorbs the spicy oil and will provide a different taste)
-Eat bread (soak up the oil that remain in your mouth

23
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) carries information about tastings?

A

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Cranial Nerve X (vagus)

24
Q

Which brain area is thought to account for the perception of sweet?

A

Insular Cortex

25
Q

Wavelengths of light is to color as _ are to _.

A

-Odorants
-Odors

Colors are different wavelengths of light
Components of an odor are made up of single chemicals

26
Q

Do all chemicals have a ‘smell’ to humans?

A

No
(ex: CO2; carbon monoxide)

27
Q

Out for his daily walk, a dog stops and smells a tree that is a popular spot for other dogs to pee. After 30 minutes, he stops and smells the same tree, assuming no other dogs peed on the tree. Does it smell exactly the same?

A

No
-changing, the chemical signal is changing all the time
-interacting with oxygen and other chemicals
-some evaporate, some combine, etc.

28
Q

In what ways are olfactory stimuli different from auditory stimuli?

A

Olfactory stimuli can be detected for longer periods of time than auditory stimuli

29
Q

What are the functions of your ‘nose’?

A

-detect airborne chemicals
-respiration
-humidification of inhaled air
-filtration of dust

30
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

Turbinates in the nose

31
Q

Most mammals are capable of regenerating olfactory sensory neurons to some degree. What cell type is responsible for this feat?

A

Basal cells

32
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A cluster of nerve endings or axons

33
Q

If the relationship between olfactory receptors and glomeruli were the same in mice and humans (it’s not). How many glomeruli would you expect humans (~400 olfactory receptors) to have?
Hint: what is the ratio of receptors to glomeruli in the mouse…

A

800
(we actually have 5500)

34
Q

Phenylethylamine (C6H5CH2CH2NH2) smells like cat pee. What does phenylethanol (C6H5CH2CH2OH) smell like?

A

Roses
-Challenge in associating chemical structure
-Although similar, bind to different receptors and differ in perception

35
Q

WHAT IS THE SHAPE PATTERN THEORY?

A

The extent of activation for

36
Q

What is the theory of Primacy?

A

The earliest responding glomeruli encode odor identity

37
Q

Why is olfaction important to your daily life?

A

Detect rotton/spoiled food
Provides flavor to your food
Allows you to avoid noxious chemicals
Plays a role in social/romantic/paternal attachments

38
Q

Which of the following cells in targeted by Coronavirus?

A

Supporting cells

39
Q

Why would the loss of the supporting cells cause the loss of smell?

A

Supporting cells provide metabolic and physical support for sensory neurons

40
Q

Why does food usually taste like it smells?

A

The same odorants are stimulating the same receptors in your olfactory system (orthonasal vs retronasal)

41
Q

Why do you cry when you smell onions?

A

Tears (and snot) are defense mechanisms to remove excess chemicals from your eyes and nose

42
Q
A

Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 (8 decks)

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