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Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation= the ability to detect a stimulus
vs.
Perception= the act of giving the detected stimulus meaning

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2
Q

Thresholding vs. Scaling

A

Thresholding= measuring limits of sensitivity; the stimulus that produces an arbitrary, but defined level of performance
vs.
Scaling: ordering a distributing stimuli along a perceptual dimension

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3
Q

Method of Constant Stimuli (Steps on how it works)

A

1) Choose stimuli of varying intensities
-some that you think people will always be able to perceive
-some that you think people will never be able to perceive
-some stimuli in between
2) Present each stimulis multiple times
3) Record proportion of correct responses for each intensity

Ex: Different shades of circles (L1S18)

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4
Q

Pros & Cons of Method of Constant Stimuli

A

+ Easy to Administer

-Have to know what the threshold is going to be (approximately) before you start

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5
Q

Method of Limits (Steps on how it works)

A

1) Start with a stimulus that can be perceived or the opposite
2) If perceivable, lower intensity (opposite: If not perceivable, raise intensity)
3) Continue until stimulus can’t be perceived (or can be perceived)
4) Test multiple times

Ex: Staircase/ “up-down” method (L1S21)

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6
Q

Pros and Cons of Method of Limits

A

+You don’t need to know where the threshold is at the start
+Robust measure of threshold

-Spurious thresholds may be obtained without evidence that the listener was really doing the task

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7
Q

Method of Adjustment (Steps on how it works)

A

1) Give subject control of the stimulus intensity
2) Instruct subject to adjust level until they can just not hear the stimulus
3) Test multiple times

Ex: Beskesy’s Tracking Method (L1S29)

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8
Q

Pros and Cons of Method of Adjustment

A

+Easy/Fast
+Intuitively appealing

-Produces unreliable results

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9
Q

Go No-Go assay for Measuring Thresholds

A

= measures response inhibition
-participants respond to certain stimuli (‘go” stimuli) and make no response for others (“no-go” stimuli)

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10
Q

Go No-Go assay example (stimulus, response, hit, miss, correct rejection, and false alarm) on “What is the detection threshold for coffee aroma?”

A

Stimulus: coffee Response: button press
-Hit (correct): Pressing button with a Go-stimulus
-Miss(incorrect): Not pressing button with a Go-stimulus
-Correct Rejection (correct): Not pressing button with a No-Go stimulus
-False Alarm (incorrect): Pressing button with a No-Go stimulus

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11
Q

Two alterative force choice (2AFC) assay for measuring thresholds

A

=measures the subjective experience of a person or animal through their pattern of choices and response times

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12
Q

Two alterative force choice (2AFC) assay example (stimulus, response, hit, miss, and false alarm) on “What is the detection threshold for coffee aroma?”

A

Stimulus: coffee
Responses: press white button for can smell vs. press red button for can’t smell
-Hit(correct): when press white button with Stimulus 1(coffee) or when press red button with Stimulus 2(none)
-Miss (incorrect): when doesn’t press white button with Stimulus 1(coffee) or when don’t press red button with Stimulus 2(none)
-False Alarm (incorrect): when press red button with Stimulus 1(coffee) or press white button with Stimulus 2(none)

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13
Q

Signal Detection theory (definition and example)

A

=theory relating to analysis of decision-making processes in the presence of uncertainty
-Element of risk with every decision, and able to accept you can be wrong
-measuring how sure you have to be before making a decision

ex: merging car lanes
some individuals would insist on 100% certainty while others might decide to squeeze into a spot knowing that there is a chance of getting hit

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14
Q

Why is Signal Detection theory important

A

It demonstrates how certain you are of your perception
-measuring how sure you have to be before making a decision

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15
Q

Action potential=

A

when a neuron alters this electrochemical gradient down an axon, away from the cell body

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16
Q

Key ions and their charges

A

-Sodium (NA+)- 1 positive charge
-Potassium (K+)- 1 positive charge
-Calcium (Ca2+)- 2 positive charges
-Chloride (Cl-)- 1 negative charge

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17
Q

More of ions (inside vs. outside) during resting potential

A

-More Sodium (NA+) outside the cell
-More Potassium (K+) inside the cell
-More Chlorine (Cl-) outside the cell
-More Calcium (Ca2+) outside the cell
-Amino Acids inside the cell

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18
Q

Resting membrane potential=

A

the difference of changes, inside and outside the cell

19
Q

Depolarize vs Hyperpolarize vs Repolarize

A

Depolarize: LESS negative than before (+ move inside)
vs.
Repolarize: RETURNING back to being negative
vs.
Hyperpolarize: MORE negative than before (- move inside)
a.needs more activation to trigger an action potential

20
Q

How does Optogenetic stimulation of a light sensitive sodium or chloride channel would influence the neuron/resting membrane potential

A

Optogenetics is used to either inhibit or activate a neuron
Channelrhodopsin is the sodium ion channel that allows the neuron to become activated because it allows sodium into the cell, depolarizing it and starting an action potential
Halorhodopsin is the chloride ion channel that inhibits the neuron because it allows the flow of chloride into the cell, hyperpolarizing it and making it further from an action potential

21
Q

The contribution of each ion during an action potential/ neurotransmitter release

A
22
Q

Sensory Cranial Nerves functions
1- Olfactory=
2-Optic=
8-Oculomotor=

A

1- Olfactory= smell
2-Optic= vision
8-Oculomotor= hearing and balance

23
Q

Motor nerves functions
3-Oculomotor nerve=
4-Trochlear nerve=
6-Abducens nerve=

11-Spinal accessory nerve=
12-Hypoglossal nerve=

A

3,4,6= eye muscle
-along with the optic nerve, help with looking around

11-Spinal accessory nerve= neck muscles
12-Hypoglossal nerve= tongue muscles

24
Q

Cranial nerves (sensory & motor) functions
5-Trigmenial=
7-Facial nerve=
9-Glossopharyngeal=
10-Vagus nerve=

A

5-Trigmenial= face, jaw muscles
7-Facial nerve= tongue, facial muscles
9-Glossopharyngeal= tongue
10-Vagus nerve= autonomic system (send the signals to cause your heart to beat)

25
Q

Basic functions of the Hindbrain

A

= connects the brain to the spinal cord and coordinates many vital functions
-ex: breathing, heartbeat
-synapse with a large portion of the cranial nerves (5-12)

26
Q

Basic functions of the Midbrain

A

=important for eye movements and auditory & visual processing

27
Q

Basic functions of the Thalamus

A

= relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
-within the Midbrain

28
Q

Basic functions of the Cerebral Cortex

A

= important role in perception, thought, voluntary movement, language, and reasoning

29
Q

The Tract-tracing method

A

=neurons are infected with either a virus or a dye
(How do we know the brain regions are connected)
-Visualizing the projections (injecting virus)
-Genetic labeling of a neuron
-Brainbow-labeling individual neurons

30
Q

The Functional Imaging Method

A

Functional connectivity (=the statistical relationship between specific physiological signals in time and are gene functional imaging techniques; If neurons fire consistently together, they are probably connected)
(How do we know the brain regions are connected)
-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
-Diffusion Tensor-MRI (DTI)
-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

31
Q

Lesions

A

=take out a portion of the brain and figure out the function
(What a brain region does)
-Electrolytic lesions
-Chemical lesions
-Surgical lesions

32
Q

Optogenetics

A

=microbial opsins (Light sensitive proteins) that can stimulate (channelrhopdsin) or inhibit (halorhodopsin) neuronal firing with light stimulation
(What a brain region does)
-Channelrhodsopin= Na+ ion channel
-Halorhodopsion (light gated chlorine channel)= Cl- pump
-Controlling how much time it is open for
-Refactory period that doesn’t allow it to be open for long periods of time

33
Q

DREADDS

A

= a class of chemogenetically-engineered proteins that is solely activated by a synthetic ligand
-reversible but lasts a longer time (several hours)
-lasts as long as it can be maintained in the body
(What a brain region does)

34
Q

Electrophysiology

A

=measure electrical activity (e.g. action potentials or local field potentials from individual or groups of neurons; can correlate activity with a sensation or action
(What a brain region does)

35
Q

In Vivo Imaging

A

=neural activity can be visualized with cellular resolution
-don’t know what it is and can’t say I only want to listen to this one
-GCaMP- genetically encoded calcium indicator that will fluoresce when calcium enters the neuron
-In the brain, calcium exocytos the neurotransmitters; positiviely correlated, more action potentials more calcium comes in = brighter cell
-long-term imaging of neuronal ensembles (days)
-Can also choose to see the cells only interested in
-but not looking at individual action potentials, stored correlation of all
-where cell is located will change the brightness, can’t determine how many action potentials are occurring
(what brain region does)

36
Q

Functional imaging

A

=scanning the brain while the subject is actively engaged in a task

37
Q

Anterograde tracing

A

= tells you where the neurons project to
-moving with the action potential

38
Q

Retrograde tracing

A

= tells you which neurons innervate the area of interest
-going backwards; opposite direction of action potential

39
Q

Tract-tracing: Visualizing the projections

A

-injecting a virus
-sectioning tissue and analyzing it on a microscope
-clear the tissue and image the brain intact

40
Q

Tract-tracing: Genetic labeling of a neuron

A

-links a fluorescent reporter to a gene
-thus everytime a gene is produced inside this neuron, a fluorescent marker is also produced
(ex: all neurons colored green)

41
Q

Tract-tracing: Brain-bow labeling individual neurons

A

= a genetic cell-labeling technique where different hues can be generated by stochastic and combinatorial expression of a few distinct fluorescent proteins
-not practical
-choose from the grouping 3x
-better chance of labeling each of the neurons based off the combination of colors
-too many brain neurons of one type (too many to trace individually)

42
Q

Functional Imaging: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

=detects changes in blood oxygenation caused by neuronal activity
-looking for that small difference in resonance
-when a neuron is active, it uses oxygen (needs it)
-uses powerful magnets to see oxygenated hemoglobin and non-oxygenated
(oxygenated hemoglobin has a different magnetic resonance than non-oxygenated hemoglobin

43
Q

Functional Imaging: Diffusion Tensor-MRI (DTI)

A

=measures the movement of water molecules
-looking for that small difference in resonance
-bundles of axons tend to facilitate water diffusion in the same direction
-water molecules move with an axon; estimate the positions of axons because that is where the water molecules are moving across

Sensation and Perception Fall 2024 (10 decks)

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